Muckrakers Essay -- essays research papers fc

Muckraking was a powerful journalistic force, whose supporters made it exit so. Muckraking was the practice of writers and critics exposing corrupt politicians and business practices. President Theodore Roosevelt made the term "muck-raker" popular. He once said The man with the muck-rake, the man who could look no centering scarce downward with the muck-rake in his hands who was offered a celestial crown for his muckrake, but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake himself the filth of the floor.Some, like Roosevelt viewed methods of muckrakers such as Ida Tarbell, Ray S. Baker, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair as these types of people. Others saw these divulge methods as perfectly acceptable for fleck against the industrial powerhouses. Either way, these muckrakers worked hard to arouse sentiment in the hearts of the public (Reiger 1).Muckraking actually began long before the years of 1900-1902, when the muckraking move is credited to have begun. Jesus was probably the first muckraker. Years later, Martin Luther exposed the corruptness of the Catholic Church. Also, early Abolitionist works--Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin and Helpers The Impending Crisis used muckraking to get a point across. However, events during the 1890s most directly paved the way for the critiques and exposures of existing conditions. This period was able to reach a limited upper class and the muckrakers were able to expand appeal to the average middle class citizen (Reiger 49-50).One reason for the outspread of muckraking was the explosion of journalism. From 1870-1909 the keep down of daily newspapers circulated boomed from 574 to 2,600 and the number of subscribers from 2,800,000 to 24,800,000. With this increase, newspaper owners and editors needed new bait to reel in its subscribers. The newspaper editors wanted to replace ordinary town gossip with gossip about the current events of the city. Therefore, in newspapers they pl aced the most shocking events and kept the rural mind drooling for more. As newspaper circulation grew, the large newspaper depended much less on semipolitical parties and could now even challenge them. Newspapers played on the new human interest, the concern of the wealthy with the affairs of those below them, status-wise. This "story of the poor" became the basic epitome for muckraking (Ho... ...direct success. However, indirectly, it was one of the most powerful journalistic movements of our history. The total circulation of the ten muckraking magazines reached over three million. Also, Upton Siclairs novels The Brass Check and The Jungle went over the nose candy thousand mark by 1932. A new political movement of reformed capitalism was undergone as the muckraking era pounded out its grievances. Most importantly though, people, partly because of the information which muckrakers revealed, partly because of the visions of better things which reformers brought forth, an d partly because of horrid personal experiences, began to regard big business as an enemy rather than a adept (Reiger 194-196).Works CitedHofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1972.Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons. San Diego Harcourt Brace & Company, 1962.Reiger, C. C. The Era of the Muckrakers. Massachusetts Peter Smith, 1957.Sinclair, Upton. "The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities." Upton Sinclair. 1924. <http//home.vicnet.net.au/earthshr/upton.html> (17 Dec. 1999)

American Influence over New Zealand Culture Essay -- essays research p

War World 2 was a pivotal depute of change for newfound Zealand. The country went from being a colonial country dependent or rather in awe of our mother country, England, to being a Colonial country now more excited with new contact with the new world super power of America. Americas acceptance as defender of the Pacific was the wedge that quickly romanticises the juvenile Zealand people into a 60 year love affair with all things American. New Zealand has now reached a point where American media and influence in this country has now become integrated into the New Zealand culture and psyche itself.American Influence over New Zealand CultureSince the start of the American Invasion of New Zealand in 1942, New Zealand has become greatly dependent on America. From political to fashion, culture and entertainment, all areas of New Zealand life have been increasingly influenced from our relationship with the United States. Our loyalty/dependency to our once influential homelands in Britai n, England especially, has been slowly washed away in the tides of American culture that floods the New Zealand citizen everyday. Just walking down the main street of any New Zealand town you dont have to look in any case far to see a touch of America. Teenagers walk down the street, pants baggy and wearing hoodies. Music from shop radios drift onto the street, at least a 75% chance that the song is American made. The shop windows display Americanised yellow journalism magazines whose covers are littered by American Celebrities and their tragic love triangles. Next to the tabloid magazines sits the New Zealand version of Americas T.V Guide, in its pages news and show times of the hundreds of American shows that crowd New Zealands televisions channels. Inside the store American confectionary lines the front of the store, payoff Bursts, Nestles chocolate and a hundred others. In the corner sits a stand that holds a selection of Top 40 music Compact Disks, all American artists. And in the refrigerated drink units Americas product spearhead, Coke, sits cooling away waiting to be snatched up by the next customer who walks in. People line up at the movie theatre next door, five movies showing, all American. In the street outside a Ford Falcon is parked, another passes by on its way home. As the Ford Falcon pulls up its driveway you can see that even at home there is no escape from the re... ...ms that the extremity of our countries culture lies hand in hand with that of the United States of America.Fig 1.http//www.nzhistory.net.nz/Gallery/brief/image-pages/graph.htmlReferencesAmerican Studies. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 16, 2004, from http//www.canterbury.ac.nz/subjects/amst/Music and its role in caf culture. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 17, 2004, from http//www.nzhistory.net.nz/mph/cafe/wayne.htmlNew Zealand in the Second World War. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 16, 2004, from http//www.diggerhistory.info/pages-nz/nz-ww2.htmNew Zealand Music Month 2003. (2003). Retrieved 11 17, 2004 , from http//www.nzonair.govt.nz/music_detail.php?pid=514&sid=500Phillips, J. (n.d.). The American invasion American forces and the New Zealand people. Retrieved 11 16, 2004, from http//www.nzhistory.net.nz/Gallery/brief/Routes of English. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 16, 2004, from http//www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/youtellus/transcript.shtmlThe Young and the Restless. Children and Adolescents in New Zealand 19301960. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 17, 2004, from http//www.nzhistory.net.nz/dnzb_exhibs/youth/

Social Networking: Privacy Issues Essay -- Facebook, Twitter, Internet

Is it an invasion of privacy, if we place our private thoughts and photos on social websites and other people besides out friends and family view it?Who really reads the terms of use and conditions in a privacy statement online? We just click the checkbox and keep on going. If we had to read each and every single line, no one would ever signaling up on a social networking site. How do users protect themselves through the forest of privacy options so they can get the most out of Facebook, MySpace and chirp with the least amount of risk? The more info a user gives to the social network the greater risk that someone could misuse or bargain information. Most users do not understand how to protect themselves and go through the necessary steps for protection on cyberspace. There are several problems with adding wholesaler information in your profile. If you do not lock out this information to the friends you want to have such information, anyone that views your page can get you conta ct information such as cell phone, IM screen name, address, city and netmail address.According to the Web site geek system, Cryptome, a whistleblower site got their hands on Microsofts Global Criminal Compliance Handbook, a comprehensive 22 page guide running down surveillance services Microsoft perform for honor enforcement agencies on its various online platforms, which includes detailed instructions from IP address extraction (Quigley, 2010). This article published electronic surveillance guides for Facebook, AOL and Skype (Quigley, 2010). According to Facebook search warrant guidelines information retrieval is based upon a Facebook user ID or group id (Facebook, 2008). When the Facebook ID is not available they can locate a user by using their email a... ... top 50 U.S. web properties for June 2010, Retrieved August 08, 2010 from http//www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/7/comScore_Media_Metrix_Ranks_Top_50_U.S._Web_Properties_for_June_2010/%28language%29/eng- UScomScore (2010b, June 2). Social networking ranks fastest growing mobile content category, Fastest growing content catergories via browser access 3 month avg. Retrieved August 8, 2010 from http//www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/6/Social_Networking_Ranks_as_Fastest-Growing_Mobile_Content_Category/%28language%29/eng-UScomScore. (2010c, July 28). Social networking sites reach a higher percentage of women than men worldwide. Reston, VA Retrieved on August 4, 2010 from http//www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/7/Social_Networking_Sites_Reach_a_Higher_Percentage_of_Women_than_Men_Worldwide/%28language%29/eng-US

World War I and the Domestic Casualty of the Industrial Workers of the World :: World History Workers Work Essays

World War I and the Domestic Casualty of the Industrial Workers of the World The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) worked in the early twentieth century to organize all moil to collectively strive for the interests of labor and in order to create a more democratic society, in breach of possible resistance from the interests of capital and the repercussions that were to occur in reaction to organizing (Bird et al 1). Although, in a mostly defunct form, it still exists today as an internationalistic labor union, the height of the labor movement occurred towards the mid-late 1910s, with the practical demise of its influence occurring during the time in which the United States entered into the First World War (Bird et al 4). Persecution and physical harassment by the federal government, the exercising of the force of legal rational authority by state governments, cultural hostility toward the IWW, and internal quarrels of leadership and doubt in the IWW were the key factors tha t lead to the downfall of the Wobblies. The burden placed on common workers at the turn of the century, whether in industry or agriculture, was great. A heap of surplus labor at this time, literally millions of laborers, (Bird et al 3) had created a situation in which the private owners of the means of production could exercise a great plug of economic power over individual workers. While jobs were relatively few, unemployed job seekers and drifters were many. Thus, using the capitalist values of the marketplace, the market value of the commodity of labor was generally very low, and the workers, each individually powerless against the strength of employers, were, when fortunate enough to land a job, given subsistence level wages while ofttimes working under very hazardous work conditions. While owners were securing what is perhaps the greatest interest of capital, profit, workers were coerced by the situations of reality to sell their labor to merely take in charge to survive. Under the desperate drive of many hungry stomachs and desolate lives, workers saw a need to organize, giving rise to labor several labor movements. genius of the most prominent and perhaps most radical and revolutionary of the movements was the IWW. The Wobblies, as they would become more commonly known, were officially formed on June 27, 1905. (Bird et al 2) The IWW was founded in the aftermath

Changing Career Patterns :: Jobs Work Essays

Changing C arer PatternsThis project has been funded at least in subroutine with Federal funds from the U.S. Department of Education under Contract nary(prenominal) ED-99-CO-0013. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Education nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Digests may be freely reproduced and are available at http//ericacve.org/fulltext.as Choi Joon Seo, a 31-year-old Korean who cash in ones chipsed as regional marketing manager for Nike in Hong Kong, resigned his mull so he could pursue his dream of building his own sports marketing company. (Jung et al. 2000) Heidi Miller of Citigroup and Mary Cirillo of Deutsche Bank, two of the most senior women in U.S. banking, resigned their jobs to look for new go challenges in e-commerce. (Currie 2000) Alan Goldstein, in response to his growing interest in computer technology, resign ed from his charge as trauma surgeon at Kings County Hospital in spic-and-span York, and, at age 49, formed his own software company. (Mottl 1999) Glenn Gainley, after working his way to vice president in charge of business units at Symbios, Inc., diverge his job at age 40 and returned to school to pursue a teaching career. (Black 1999) These examples of career changes reflect a common trendincreased job mobility. The linear career path that once kept people working in the same job, often for the same company, is not the standard career bridle-path for todays workers. Today, many workers are pursuing varied career paths that reflect sequential career changes. This set of ongoing changes in career plans, direction, and employers portrays the lifetime progression of work as a composite of experiences. This Digest explores how changing technologies and global competitiveness have led to redefinition of interests, abilities, and work options that influence career development. Influe nces on Career Mobility cheat mobility no longer carries the stigma once associated with job change, although it can be emotionally stressful. Corporate upheavals of the early 1990s and low unemployment rates during the last part of the decade have caused changes in job search and hiring practices. Companies, especially those in technology fields that are in dire need of qualified, skilled, and experienced employees, are driven to recruit workers away from their current employers. Workers, who see job mobility as a way to find work that is appealing, challenging, and offers growth potential, are viewing career change as a way to progress through the uncertainties of the workplace.

true story of hamlet :: essays research papers

Short StoryThe True Story Of small townWhos there? said Bernardo the watchmenit is I, Francisco here to relieve you.it sure is cold and creepy out tonight, where is Horatio he is late?Gentlemen how are you tonight? asked HoratioThe guards replied at the same instant, o.k.Good night and stay warm said FranciscoShortly there after Marcellus arrives and they see a ghostlike figure in the distance and Bernardo is domineering it was the late great king of Denmark. Horatio quickly agrees and Marcellus is persuaded by the others judgment that it indeed is the ghost of the king. Everything is working out great. said BernardoHoratio just glanced over to acknowledge that he understood but Marcellus was so scared at the time he didnt even notice. The Guards and Horatio go get Prince village, son of the late King Hamlet of Denmark and take him to the top of the castle to see for himself but the Prince was delusional and vulnerable. He came anyway and when the ghost appeared in the thick fog it almost seemed real to Horatio whom play a strong role of playing shocked and scared but he knew that it was not the old king, but Hamlet didnt know that and in his state of denial of the recent events in his life he is sucked into believing that it is true and his father has come back to help him. Marcellus and Horatio try and come up with a rational explanation but Marcellus could not think of one and leaves Horatio with knowledge that they believe. Was it true? Did this really happen? The night before last Horatio was in the castle and walked passed King Claudiuss chamber and overheard him confessing his sins to god and overheard the whole story on how and whom killed King Hamlet.The next morning King Claudius, Hamlets uncle celebrates his marriage to Gertrude Hamlets mother and Claudius proclaims that Hamlet will be king when he is ready to be king. Hamlet obsessed over his new findings and his depression becomes angry and looks upon Claudius with bad eyes since his mistress mother whom married less then a month after his fathers death to his uncle keeps asking him to cast away these nightly colors that he is erosion and through all of this brings anxiety to Hamlet and he feels somethings strange and that he should not be forgetting his father.(Hamlet speaks to himself)

true story of hamlet :: essays research papers

Short StoryThe True Story Of settlementWhos there? said Bernardo the watchmenit is I, Francisco here to relieve you.it sure is cold and creepy out tonight, where is Horatio he is late?Gentlemen how are you tonight? asked HoratioThe guards replied at the same instant, delightfulGood night and stay warm said FranciscoShortly there after Marcellus arrives and they see a ghostlike figure in the distance and Bernardo is positive(p) it was the late great king of Denmark. Horatio quickly agrees and Marcellus is persuaded by the others judgment that it indeed is the ghost of the king. Everything is working out great. said BernardoHoratio just glanced over to acknowledge that he understood but Marcellus was so scared at the time he didnt even notice. The Guards and Horatio go get Prince juncture, son of the late King Hamlet of Denmark and take him to the top of the castle to see for himself but the Prince was delusional and vulnerable. He came anyway and when the ghost appeared in the th ick fog it almost seemed real to Horatio whom contend a strong role of playing shocked and scared but he knew that it was not the old king, but Hamlet didnt know that and in his state of denial of the recent events in his life he is sucked into believing that it is true and his father has come back to help him. Marcellus and Horatio try and come up with a rational explanation but Marcellus could not think of one and leaves Horatio with knowledge that they believe. Was it true? Did this really happen? The night before last Horatio was in the castle and walked passed King Claudiuss chamber and overheard him confessing his sins to god and overheard the whole story on how and whom killed King Hamlet.The next morning King Claudius, Hamlets uncle celebrates his marriage to Gertrude Hamlets mother and Claudius proclaims that Hamlet will be king when he is ready to be king. Hamlet obsessed over his new findings and his depression becomes angry and looks upon Claudius with bad eyes since hi s mistress mother whom married less then a month after his fathers death to his uncle keeps asking him to cast away these nightly colors that he is tiring and through all of this brings anxiety to Hamlet and he feels somethings strange and that he should not be forgetting his father.(Hamlet speaks to himself)

The Effects of One-Child Policy on Chinese Kinship

Burt Jiang Anthropology 331 4/22/2013 Term Paper The origins of Chinese civilization derive its root from the Huang-he and Yangtze Rivers. Like other ancient river valley civilizations, these both rivers provided early Chinese settlers with the raw materials necessary to sustain culture and society. Burgeoning from small, scattered coteries, autonomous groups of Chinese villages set around the rivers would in turn become the building blocks of the ancient Chinese dynasties to the modern day, Peoples commonwealth of chinaw atomic number 18.The system of kinspersons became an telling method of identifying geniuss take hold got lineage through the main goance of a single surname throughout the clan. As the social structure of the clan grew, the complex interactions among clan and non-clan members eventually synergized to create mainland Chinas own form of affinity. Anthropologists ingest since come to classify Chinese family relationship under the broader term of Sudanese k inship. The Sudanese, and by extension Chinese, kinship is con cheekred the more or less complex system with a separate designation for almost e rattling unity of egos kin base on generation, lineage, relative age, and sex activity.As ob managed, the Chinese kinship system already has a strictly defined scheme of kin identification, but the monikers besides serve as an outline of Chinas kinship system. The true backbone of Chinese kinship draws its source from Confucian ideals, ideals that have been deeply ingrained in Chinese dogma since the late fifth nose candy B. C. Among his teachings of filial piety and ascendant worship, Confucius outlines for the Chinese people the quint most basic interactions interactions between ruler and example father and son elder and younger brother husband and wife and between friends.Of the quintuple interactions, the interactions between father-son, and husband-wife, have seen the greatest amount of development and miscellany throughout to course of Chinas history. As China exited the feudal age and entered the modern world as The Peoples Republic of China, the two interactions identified experienced considerable changes while maintaining their signature Chinese accent. Feudal Chinas departure, and the advent of communist China, has brought forth rapid family reform and ultimately, the evocation of the One-Child Policy. Even in the face of rapid modernization and reform, the trong influences of Confucian ideals and an intrinsic patrilineal roue pattern still characterize Chinese kinship however, the existence of the One-Child Policy, and its ramifications, has erect stress on the traditional Chinese family structures as well as possibly creating many an(prenominal) more problems future generations must solve. Of all the pseudo-religious institutions that took incorporate in China, Daoism and Zen Buddhism, most notably, the concept of ancestor worship regularize forth by Confucius is by far the most ubiquitous in Chinese culture and kinship relationships.Defined by the nine agnates, Confucius took great efforts to outline the thermonuclear family as clearly as possible, three generations prior to the ego, the ego, and three generations after the ego. at heart the nine agnates, ancestral worship and filial piety became the driving forces that perpetuated kinship interactions in China for generations. Thus forms the cyclical cycle of Chinese kinship, the younger generations are kept in line by the rules of filial piety while the older generation is kept in memory and reverence via ancestral worship.The grandness of ancestor worship can be conceptualized and materialized through the complex sadness attire and rituals exhibited by the Chinese people. Much like the suruai of Kwaio, someones in mourning must display no worldly attachment, must not be seen in public, must have abstain from sexual activity, and generally must croak a life of detachment throughout the mourning period (Akin March 11). The mourning period is defined by the relationship of the mourner to the individual that has passed external consequently, the duration of this period can range from three months to three years based on the strength of the bond shared.During a time of mourning, individuals must also wear complementing attire to signify which stage of mourning he/she is in hence the attire has evolved into the five degrees of mourning attire. Chinese mourning rituals were taken real seriously within the clans and the act of proposing to an individual exhibiting any stage of the five degrees of mourning attire was considered highly immoral and taboo. Rituals of ancestor worship, like mourning ceremonies and attire, serve to underscore the importance of the ancestors to the Chinese people.The sterility, and structure, of the mourning period is an excellent example of the reverence Chinese individuals hold for their deceased kin to interrupt the transition from individual to ancestor is s till considered highly disrespectful and taboo even in modern China. Ancestor worship provides a broad blanket of allegiance for the Chinese kinship system. The importance of ancestor worship is to keep entire clans together, but the smaller familial units require a force more tenable and exact.Within the nuclear family, Confucius saw the wisdom to conceive of another ideal that complements the notion of ancestor worship, that idea being filial piety. Filial piety, in turn, provides the construct in which the five relationships, outlined earlier, can be practically maintained and perpetuated. Confucius relationship of father and son is kept constant by the power of filial piety. Younger generations are taught to respect and heed the advice of their forefathers. Consequently, this interaction creates an incredibly structured kinship system in which obedience is preferential to individuality.The rules defined by filial piety culminated in the written document known as The Great Qing L egal Code, introduced during the Qing Dynasty, 1644 to 1912. This document not only provided, in great detail, the laws and codes regarding kinship bonds on all five levels of relationship, but it also included the punishments if those bonds were broken or tested by nuisance (Jones 29). Criminal activity was therefore punished more severely if the crime committed was within the clan, and further intensified if the offence was committed against a higher ranking individual.The importance of upholding the kinship relations set forth by Confucius can be seen in the Codes punishment for breaking the first and foremost relationship of ruler and subject. Punishment for breaking Chinas most important bond leaded in what is known as The extermination of nine kindreds. Any individual who commits treason against his/her emperor would be subject to the screw annihilation of his/her nine agnates, effectively erasing that individuals bloodline (Jones 16).This incredibly overt punishment trick conduct down, with lesser severity, to the other four relationships, and ultimately underlined the importance of homage to kin and emperor. Filial pietys significance is further stressed in the father-son relationship because of Chinas early affinity to the patrilineal descent system, echoes from the countrys roots in the clan structure. Since only males can bear and preserve the family surname, loyalty of the son to the father became critical in a patrilineal descent system.In order to ensure the lineages continuation, carefully arranged weddings between families would rise as the forefront solution. Chinese kinship, like many other systems, relies on the institution of marriage as bridge between two bodies of people. Recognized in Confucian teachings, a married couple is considered the most basic social unit from which other relationships stem. In Chinese culture, marriages were generally arranged by a matchmaker who would bless the union. After the marriage, the wife would be incorporated into the husbands family thus resulting in the importance of the production of sons to keep the family surname.Throughout history, Chinese marriages and kinship revolved around the production of viable sons to stock up the family name. Like Kwaio societies, rankness of the mother proved to be of paramount importance when evaluating a marriage relationship (Akin February 20). It is important to take note, however, that while monogamy was the original practice, polygamy gained prominence in imperial families that could not asseverate a healthy male heir, a problem solved also by nurture kinship (Akin January 23).Once married, divorce was possible only if the wife was proved to have engaged in one of these seven offences ill to observe filial piety to the parent-in-laws, failure to bear a son, consistently vulgar or lewd, harbors jealousy, has a vile disease, gossips too much, or commits a theft. Although unusual to western societies, gossip is viewed as a poison to f amilies and clans because of its inherent proclivity to hyperbole and fabrication. Patrilineal descents importance can be clearly observed in marriage rituals as divorce is only possible if the female fails to produce a son or commits other errs.There are, however, three distinct situations in which a wife is guaranteed right from a divorce, those three situations being the wife has no family to return to, the wife has observed a full three year mourning period for her parent-in-law, or if her husband was poor during marriage and is currently wealth. In conjunction with ancestor worship, filial piety, and the structured marriage system, Chinese kinship has developed these three trademark pillars to safeguard strong kinship bonds of father-son and husband-wife from one generation to the next.Although only briefly mentioned earlier, the wedding ceremonies themselves are a testament to the extravagance and importance of a determination such as marriage to the Chinese people. Categor ized by the six etiquettes, Chinese wedding ceremonies consisted of the proposal, birthdates, bride price, wedding gifts, arranging the wedding, and the ceremony itself. Each of the six etiquettes involves a highly organized succession of events that would lead to marriage of husband and wife. The first two steps, proposal and birthdates, involve a matchmaker evaluating a potential daughter-in-law for marriage.If the fortune telling rituals, Suan Ming, are positive and both sides of the marriage accept the terms, the next step would be submitting a bride price (Wolf 102). Bride price, or betrothal gifts, is then presented by the matchmaker to the bridegrooms family completing the pre-wedding rituals. The actual wedding ceremony is somewhat austere in comparison to its preparation. It simply involves, in western society terms, the exchanging of vows and considerably blessings followed by paying respects to the Jade Emperor, other deities, and each familys ancestors.Finally, the wedd ing banquet is the closing event in the marriage process and is often more lively and festive. Traditionally, the groom is responsible for the cost of the wedding invitation, pastries, the banquet invitations, and the wedding itself. Wedding banquets are elaborate and consist usually of five to ten courses, with ingredients such assharks fin,abalone,lobster,squab,sea cucumber,swift nests,fish roein soup or as decoration on top of a suffice to symbolize fertility, and local delicacies (Wolf 88).Customarily, the father of the bride is responsible for the wedding banquet hosted on the brides side and the alcohol consumed during both banquets. The wedding banquets are two separate banquets the primitive banquet is hosted once at the brides side, the second banquet, smaller banquet, at the grooms side. While the wedding itself is often based on the couples choices, the wedding banquets are a motility of appreciation, to those that have raised the bride and groom, such as grandparent s and uncles.Additionally, this gesture incorporates the ideas of nurture kinship, in which kinship persists and even thrives beyond the nuclear family. Grandparents, aunts, and uncles, of both sides of the family would often offer alleviate in raising a familys pip-squeak in an attempt to establish nurture kinship bonds. These bonds would then be materialized through gift commutation during the wedding banquet and other important family occasions. The two banquets serve also to ensure the relatives on each side meet the relatives on the other side (Wolf 49).Thus out of respect for the elders, wedding banquets are usually done formally and traditionally, which the older generation is thought to be more comfortable with. As one can see, the six etiquettes of the marriage and its accompanying practices come together to create a single cohesive event meant to bring two families of different clan origins together as one. The traditions and conventions of Chinese kinship that have bee n examined have been kept constant for much of the nations history until the late 19th century and early 20th century.As political turmoil and growing dissatisfaction with the incumbent Qing Dynasty flush, the Chinese population made a push towards reform. After two decades of consolidation, dynastic China emerged from the feudal era as The Republic of China in 1912 headed by Sun Yat-sen. During the Nationalist era, Chinese kinship saw a slow movement towards modernity, a topic discussed in other sources but not focused on in this paper (See Hinton and Zarrow). The one exception to the evolution of kinship in China during this period was the residual influence of The Great Qing Legal Code.Although never referred to by name since the fall of the Qing, the collection of codes put forth by Chinas forefathers manifested itself as a strict penal code during the Republic era, and would be re-adapted based on socialist law during the Peoples Republic era (Jones 229). Even when the governm ents representing China adjust to better fit its changing political landscape, the influences of Confucian teachings still resonate deeply in Chinese kinship and culture. Ultimately, the capitalistic ways of Nationalist China began to brew dissatisfaction among the classes as predicted by the rising popularity of Marxist theory at the time.The issues described by Marx, such as class conflict, were only exacerbated by Chinas already enormous proletariat population. Eventually, and inevitably, The Republic of China was usurped by the communist oriented Peoples Republic of China, headed by Mao Zedong in 1949. Maos rise to ascendancy and the subsequent initiation family reform policies such as the One-Child Policy has had marvelous consequences on traditional Chinese kinship structure and maintenance. The communist partys policies regarding family and kin have persisted into the 21st century with some repercussions already apparent, and others that have yet to be evaluated.The newly fo rmed Peoples Republic of China introduced itself to the modern world as a backward, unsophisticated nation of peasants led by a few intellectuals. Needless to say, the communist party saw prudence in creating a new image for itself. Family size and structure rose to the top of the communist partys agenda as a target for transformation. In 1979, the Chinese government embarked on an ambitious campaign of grocery store reform following the economic stagnation of the Cultural Revolution. The government saw strict population containment as essential to economic reform and to improvement of financial backing standards.So championed by The State Family Planning Bureau, the One-Child Policy was introduced. In its execution, the Policy did everything the Chinese government hoped for by preventing roughly 100 million child births as of 2009 (Hesketh 1173). Although effective in containing Chinas population growth, the One-Child Policy proved to have meaningful impacts in other aspects of C hinese culture, particularly Chinese kinship. The Policys repercussions are in direct conflict with Chinas oldest tradition of ancestor worship.A ritual that had been a driving force of Chinese kinship since the very beginning of feudal China is now at odds with the policies of modern China. Specifically, the One-Child Policy has created a conundrum known as the four-two-one (referred to as 421) phenomenon. The phenomenon is the estimated ratio of grandparents to parents to children currently existing in China (Hesketh 1171). Immediately, the most apparent issue is the imbalance of the ratio between grandparents to grandchildren, essentially for every one child there exist four grandparents.This many not seem like an issue to western societies, but Chinas enormous population, a result of post-WWII baby boom trends, exacerbates the ratio to a breaking point. Traditional kinship bonds dictate that the younger generations must care and nurture for their elders. However with such an hu ffy ratio of individuals between the generations, Chinas sons are failing to support their fathers while jeopardizing their own livelihood. Confucius signature relationship of father-son is now threatened greatly by the incurred financial burden of Chinas youth.Changes in kinship structure and, to a lesser degree, family structure are driven by changes in fertility and mortality. The drastic reduction in fertility has substantially reduced the number of children born to each family, so that the extensive horizontal kinship ties of Chinas past have essentially been curtailed (Jiang 128). However, improvements in mortality have brought unprecedented longevity to Chinas elderly, and an overlap of generations that has made vertical kinship ties progressively common (Jiang 129).Ancestor worship is at odds with Chinas new agenda of population reform and containment. The sudden reduction of horizontal kinship bonds and unadulterated amplification of vertical kinship bonds forces Chinas n ewest generation to pick between financially stability, through neglecting their elders, or supporting their elders, through draining their own personal capital. Similar to ancestor worship, the Confucian concepts of filial piety and marriage are also tested by the One-Child Policy.Starting with filial piety, the stipulation that families can only bear one child has put tremendous emphasis on patrilineal descent and the birth of sons. In feudal China, citizens were given the opportunity to produce as many offspring as needed and yet some families still failed to produce sons, and lineages were lost. Now, with only one opportunity, modern Chinese families have put an unprecedented level of importance to a mothers ability to bear a male child. This in turn critically affects the father-son dynamic schematic by Confucius.Instead of overtly obeying ones parents, male children in China now understand the importance of their position, and exploit it. Chinas newest generation of males hav e exhibited an unrecorded level of sexual, social, and media experimentation, generations of sexual and individual repression are just now starting to be shattered (Fong 1103). Additionally, the One-Child Policy has had mixed impact on the circumstance of females and by extension marriage. With very limited contraception available for women, the One-Child Policy has forced families to prioritize the birth of males over females.This inevitably leads to the marginalization of the female gender in modern China and an incredibly imbalanced gender ratio. However, the results of the Policy on womans social status in China are not completely skewed to one, negative aspect. Those women who are kept by their families have just recently seen an unparalleled lift in their social positions and powers. Daughters sceptred by the support of their parents, with no sons to favor, are able to defy detrimental norms while strategically using ones that give them advantages in the educational system a nd the hire out and marriage markets (Fong 1105).Furthermore, divorce rates have never been higher in modern China as a result of the empowered female gender. Women are more freely seeking new relationships and marriages, a notion inconceivable during the height of Confucian marriage practices. Modernity is an atypical force. Traditional kinship relationships and marriage practices of China are not necessarily broken by modern policies, like the One-Child, but they are certainly altered from their ancestral conceptualizations in feudal China. Chinese kinship is one of the most unique and complicated kinship systems ever examined.The kinship bonds established by the Chinese people may calculate outwardly strict or even ascetic, but underneath the guise of structure, is an incredibly resilient dogma that still influences kinship in China today. Confucius ideas of ancestor worship, filial piety, and marriage all amalgamate to create a system of kinship that has withstood dynasties, r egimes, and political parties. The recent challenges presented by the One-Child Policy have certainly put strain on traditional kinship relationships like that of father to son.Yet, the elevation of the female gender and increased fluidity in marriage rituals signify that Chinese kinship is not as stagnant as some anthropologists believe. No matter how much change is imposed on Chinas kinship, the vocalism of Confucius will always permeate families, marriages, siblings, and children. Works Cited Directly used in paper Akin, David. Doubts, Critiques, and Revisions of Kinship Studies. Anthropology 331. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, 23 January 2013. Akin, David. Totem, Taboo, and Identity (part 1). Anthropology 331. University of Michigan.Ann Arbor, 11 March 2013. Akin, David. Marriage as Exchange. Anthropology 331. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, 20 February 2013. Fong, Vanessa L. Chinas One-Child Policy and the Empowerment of Urban Daughters. American Anthropologist104. 4 (2002) 1098-109. Print. Jiang, Lin. Changing Kinship Structure and Its Implications for Old-Age Support in Urban and Rural China. commonwealth Studies49. 1 (1995) 127-45. Print. Jones, William C. The Great Qing Code. Oxford Clarendon Press New York Oxford University Press, 1994 Hesketh, Therese, Li Lu, and Zhu Wei Xing. The Effect of Chinas One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years. New England Journal of Medicine353. 11 (2005) 1171-176. Print. Wolf, Arthur P. , and Chieh-shan Huang. Marriage and betrothal in China 1845-1945. Stanford Stanford UP, 1980. Print. Additional Research Hinton, William. Fanshen a Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village. New York Monthly Review, 1967. Print. Zarrow, Peter Gue. After conglomerate The Conceptual Transformation of the Chinese State, 1885-1924. Stanford, CA Stanford UP, 2012. Print.

The Values of Skepticism

The values of skepticism The attitude of skepticism isnt about not accept its about suspending judgment until a claim can be verified with march and explanation. In most cases tribe tend to be easily tricked in believing what the majority of people believe in, just because of that simple fact. As intellectual case-by-cases, humans have the ability to distinguish what seems to be good, and what seems to be not good and inconvenient evidently by kernel of sight, taste, smell, touch but assumptions without out whatsoever sort of support only leads people to become ignorant, confused, and perhaps end up painful sensation oneself or other people emotionally.Practicing skepticism is crucial to protecting oneself from believing unsubstantiated claims, it also allows people to discover the truth about their assumptions, and become more(prenominal) knowledgeable by using their own reasoning. Therefore individuals should adopt a more skeptical outlook to their everyday lives. A reason for there to be ideas efficiently transmitted to people, is that they are presented in a finished form. However, ideas are plentiful and human brain can only deal with a dispirited number of them, and individuals usually tend to show a practical interest in adopting only the best idea.Some meters people choose ideas based on their heathenish beliefs such as respect to an authority figure, tradition, religion, commonsense, spirituality, prejudices, etc. The virtue of skepticism attempts to apply rationality to thoroughly get to the bottom of ideas with the great intention to test for reliable knowledge. While thinking about the prompt of this essay I realized that people do this everyday, sometimes people question authority and ideas presented by other individuals. How do we know when it is appropriate to do so?Main leading thinkers and philosophers of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution were highly sophisticated skeptics, and whether it was provoked by their own curi osity or their own knowledge they continued to doubt the way natural things in life were explained by clergy individuals. Think about it for a second and it makes sense. Perhaps authority figures may not always be correct, and therefore it is very significant to doubt or have a critical attitude against authority.If philosophers like Copernicus never hypothesized that our planet earth is not the center of the universe, then we would most likely still be living with geocentric eyeshade of views. It is never a good suggestion to accept some ideas without questioning them before, but unfortunately we do this everyday. For example, at school during class, students usually take the professors word as they educate them, and for all they know all this information that was once given is completely false.Not many of the students actually take the time to do their own research and try to seek for the truth. In our society we have come to trust what other people tell us, it would be a bette r idea to have our own opinion and not always trust what our ears hear. One of the many important arguments regarding skepticism is that a certain(p) individual will doubt ideas until the very end of the argument and eventually come up to the closest to true knowledge.Whatever the idea of the subject may be or whomever the person asked may be, questions are always necessary, essential and only if they are the right questions, the response will always be the correct one. What this basically means is that the pursuit to ask questions and obtain answers is the starting point of true skepticism. When a certain person believes on something without questioning its authenticity, it leaves their mind completely open to believing all kinds of different unsubstantiated claims, from foretelling to forwarded e-mails sent by anonymous people.This means that people are literally being led by misinformation, which supports Carl Sagans point in The Dragon in my Garage Claims that cannot be tested, assertions immune to disproof are veridically worthless. (pg. 171) As an example to illustrate this problem of unjustified beliefs, I would like to introduce this fictional scenario. Imagine that a person receives a forwarded Email from his friend, and it claims that the President of the United States is an unpatriotic, foreign-born Muslim, socialist person who desires the terrorists to win, and consequently of this he or she must immediately be chargeed.In the off likelihood that someone happens to take this hypothetical false e-mail to heart, this certain individual will bulge to base their political decisions on this extremely false belief. This person could attempt to vote the person out from the office, perhaps create a campaign for impeachment, or even try to persuade others to not vote for this person as a presidential candidate. It is certainly not wrong at all to pull out these political activities, but the explanation cigarette doing so, are absolutely wrong. They are not proven in reality.Occasionally when people are confronted with unethical claims such as the forwarded e-mail, they would rather investigate it thoroughly before taking it on faith. After all, the resource of this information is a forwarded e-mail, which could have been initiated by anyone. To begin with, are any of those reasons even good enough to impeach the president? Well, not being a U. S. citizen and being a terrorist supporter may be great reasons to impeach someone, but for being a Muslim or a socialist individual is definitely not a good reason.As a result, it is very comprehensible that the significance of each claim differs from the others, and like Carl Sagan said if people dont exercise some minimal skepticism If you have an absolutely limitless credulity, there is probably some price you will have to pay later. (pg. 8). Of course this may be a very tremendous illustration, but it satisfies the point. scepticism is a good way to introduce a person to new things and it is one of the best methods of acquiring knowledge, as people are always certain of the things they know.It is distinguished that raising questions for the sake of it will not be considered profound skepticism, since the need to raise questions is supposed to bring out the total truth behind anything, but when it comes to new unproven claims, why not be the first one to examine it? First consider if the claim leads to the conclusion, then investigate it, and collect informative credible sources. Then consider the information and make a hypothesis based on the evidence. Chances are, if the justification is supported by continuous evidence it is a good theory.

Sociology: Deviance

aberration refers to any behaviour that is considered to be violating favorable norms or to psyches that engage in such behaviour (Adler & Adler (2009 21). Deviance does non vindicatory occur to any form of behaviour, scarcely we need to bear in mind the fact that behaviour or mickle that argon deviate are only defined as unnatural if and only if inn views that particular(prenominal) behaviour as deviant (Adler & Adler (2009 21). Deviance can either be positive, which is over conformity but is at the same time positively evaluated by the audience (Heckert, 1998 23).There is to a fault negative deviance, which is at a lower place conformity but on the other plenty negatively evaluated, rate-busting, which refers to those individuals who under conform but are negatively evaluated by society and there is also a nonher term referred to as deviance admiration, which is the bad boy image, which is under-conformity but somehow admired and positively evaluated by society or classifys in society (Heckert, 1998 23). Deviance has no fixed definition but instead, it is broad and has various definitions linked to the term.There are however 5 basic definitions for deviance in sociology namely, the reactive constructionist approach, the Normative approach, Violation of rights, Absolutist approach and lastly, the Statistical approach. The reactive constructionist approach focuses on the reactions of an audience, which is society to certain behaviours. This is when behaviour is only considered deviant if it has been condemned by society. It involves in public labelling behaviour as deviant and also followed by an equally negative reaction by the public (Dodge, 1985 18).The normative approach on the other hand defines deviance as a departure or going against the set or generally accepted norms in society (Dodge, 1985 20). Usually, the norm that has been violated is not usually put into place or is not usually in existence until a behaviour, which society react s to, is captivaten as unacceptable and therefore deviant and and then the norm is put into place and into existence after such occurrences.The statistical approach focuses on the behaviours that differ from average or normal experiences of society. In this case, the deviant individual or group of individuals engages in behaviour that the majority of the mess do not engage in (Heckert, 1998 25). This form of approach is mainly use when analysing organisations. With the violation of rights approach, behaviour is considered deviant if it, in any way, violates the rights of any other individual. The individual or individuals hat are considered are labelled and they receive a negative reaction from society for their behaviour. Lastly, the absolutist approach of deviance claims that deviance resides in the very nature of an act and is wrong at all generation and in all places (Heckert, 1998 28). It does not have to depend on the environment, the reaction of the audience or the punish ment and severity of the act. Principles of right and wrong are employ and an act is deviant once it goes against those principles.With the case of Amanda, who was heavily criticised by the public for killing her sister by stabbing her with a bread knife, the reactive constructionist possible action is most applicable because according to her mother, she was just an innocent girl, who made a terrible mistake and her family did not battle forgiving her, but because the media reacted in a certain way, which was negative and the reaction pointtually spread and influenced the rest of society in which they started condemning Amanda and making her life miserable, to the extent that she also condemned herself and started hating herself to the point where she believed she was brutal and deserved to die. Another issue with deviance is the issue of stigma.Stigma refers to the negative gap or some form of division between the deviant individuals and the people who are not deviant or do not go against the norms of society (Goffman, 1963 3). There is usually a lot of tension by the normal people and it is always the deviants that have to suffer and manage the tension because they are usually the minority group in the cases of deviant acts (Goffman, 1963 7). Amanda had the stigma of a killer or brutal murderer attached to her by the public and throughout the rest of her life, had had to endure suffering at the hands of the public. She had to cope with the labelling and the gossiping that constantly border her.With the issue of stigmatisation, the individuals who are suffering also have the option of managing the stigma. In Amandas case, the one most relevant option that she did have and fairly employ was turning to stigmatised others, such as people she was imprisoned with and by turning to sympathetic others, which in this case was her mother and her friends for support and coping because there was not much she could have done such as support groups etc. because she had spent a lot of time in prison (Goffman, 1963 14). In Amandas case, she has her family supporting her saying she is not at fault, in other words that her behaviour was not deviant, while on the other hand, the public viewed her behaviour as deviant.This then brings us to the question about whether there is a difference between deviance and crime. Some crimes may be thought of as deviant but not criminal and other, criminal but not deviant. The safest route to go by is simply saying that the difference separating deviance from crime is the fault of the law, which is considered a crime or the violating of the social norm, which is deviance (Marshal and Meier, 2011 16). Basically, people could engage in criminal behaviour, which may be accepted in a particular society, such as drinking and driving, but because it is not generally frowned upon, those people are accepted and are not considered deviant by their society.One other person on the other hand, may commit a deviant act, such as Amanda, who was said to have attacked her sister unintentionally, but because society rebukes such, she is considered a deviant, an outcast and is labelled and has no freedom to live her live as she pleases without people making it miserable for her. Labelling, which is closely linked to stigma, refers to the public seeing the deviants as distinguishable to anyone else and are mainly carried out by moral entrepreneurs (Marshal and Meier, 2011 17). There are three different forms of labelling which can be taken into consideration, which is primary deviance, secondary deviance and tertiary deviance. These forms or theories of labelling come with consequences as well.In the case of primary deviance, an individual is given a label but they are not affected by such, so they basically ignore and deny the label given to them by the public (Marshal and Meier, 2011 21). The second scenario, which is secondary deviance, individuals are given a label and so as a form of escapism, they th en live up to that label that they have been given, such as someone being call uptight, condescending or in simpler words, a snob, then tends to try and intimidate and bring people down by all means possible (Marshal and Meier, 2011 20). With tertiary deviance, an individual is labelled, but refuses to neither deny nor accept and instead tries and proves that there is nothing deviant about their behaviour (Marshal and Meier, 2011 19). In Amandas case she was both primarily and secondarily labelled.Her family tried denying the primary labelling for her, but rather she took up secondary deviance, where she actually accepted that she was a murderer and that she deserved to die like a murderer. moralistic entrepreneurs are those individuals who try to create and enforce new definitions of morality and what is deviant and what is not (Adler & Adler, 2009 136). These new definitions that they try and enforce are mainly put in place to try and benefit them and what they believe in (Adler & Adler, 2009 137). In many cases, if not all, there is always a number of moral entrepreneurs and not just one and they are each trying to act at their own self-interest (Adler & Adler, 2009 137).In Amandas case, the main moral entrepreneurs are the society, Amanda and her own mother. Society created a label for Amanda that she carried with her and was never removed until the day that she died. Society saw her as a criminal who deserved to be punished because in that society, killing people with bread knives was not considered moral, even though they did not know the main reason or what had exactly happened. Amanda on the other hand did not see anything wrong that she had done and instead got negatively influenced by the stigma that had been attached to her and therefore saw herself as a deviant that deserved the most skanky punishment possible.With Amandas mother, she saw her daughter as the innocent one victimised by society. She blamed society for her daughters misery claiming that she had not done anything wrong, even though it was evident that she had murdered her own sisters for reasons unknown, but because she did not see anything wrong with her daughters actions, she believed that she should not be punished even though murder is considered a crime and should therefore be punishable. They then in a way were seen to be a folk devil, which means that they were viewed as a threat and a bad influence to society (Dodge, 1985 28). It is rather astonishing how Amandas case eventually turned out.Some people, mainly family were on her side, while the whole public was against her. at a time it is a mystery as to how such situations can be explained and justified. Why would, in one society, people have different beliefs? According to the Marxist socialistic theory of deviance, society is not based on consensus and shared set, but rather, it is an outcome of the continuing struggle between the social classes, the elite and the proletariat (Marshal and Meier, 2 011 19). In this form of society, which is mainly a capitalist society, there are individuals who exploit others and those who are apply and therefore those who commit crime are doing those who are exploited justice (Marshal and Meier, 2011 19).In Amandas case, there is no clear reason as to why the crime was committed, but her sentence was not heavy and therefore this could also be a sign as to how much influence they had on the ruling system, showing how much those who are influential can control everything in society ranging from economy to politics and laws. Amandas case is a clear example of what we call moral dismay. Moral panic, according to Cohen (1972), cited in Victor (1998 542), is social response to beliefs about a threat from factors or individuals known as moral deviants. The group of individuals become defined as a threat to the values as well as the interests of that particular society and they are presented in this way by the mass media and other key actors (mora l entrepreneurs).Society managed to foster moral panic because a widespread concern about the issue was promoted by much attention by society and basically the whole issue eventually took mettle stage. According to Adler & Adler (2009 137), moral panic must be triggered by specific event at the right moment, draw attention to a specific group as a target, have provocative content revealed, and supported by formal and informal communication outlets, which in Amandas case happened because now her tragedy attracted much attention from society and basically caused a panic. This again just proves how deviance has no set barriers, but instead the classification of deviance has no set or particular traits, but rather, behaviour is seen as deviant only based on the social definitions that vary from society to society at different times. Society is the biggest role player in distinguishing deviant behaviour and through moral panic, they managed to exclude, label and target deviants because they have gone against what is believed to be social norms.Reference List Adler, P. and Adler, P. (2009). (6th ed). Constructions of Deviance social power, context and interaction. Belmon, Calif Thomson/Wadsworth. Pages 135-138 Chapter 17. Cohen, S. (1972). Folk Devils and Moral Panics. St Martins New York. Dodge, D. (1985). Deviant Behaviour The over-negativized conceptualization of deviance. Los Angeles California. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma Notes on the steering of Spoiled Identity. New York United States. Heckert, D. M. (1998). Positive deviance A classificatory model. New York United States. Marshal, C & Meier, R. (2011). Sociology of Deviant behaviour (14th ed). Belmont USA.

Teachers Perception Of Gender Bias In The Classroom Education Essay

One of the first things that we do when a kid is born is to happen out its sexual class. This declaration at birth, young-begetting(prenominal) child or miss, is the most important statement that governs iodin s development as a individual throughout one s life. Harmonizing to Weiss ( 2001 ) , a individual s sex activity marks his/her full life from within and without.How our gender structures the manner we learn has been studied extensively by societal scientists, psychologists, educationalists, and womens rightists. They all agree that non merely 1 s ain sense of gender individuality affects the acquisition procedure really significantly, but others to a fault play a definite portion in this position.Teachers play a cardinal function in act uponing larning patterned advance from when the kids begin school. Harmonizing to David and Myra Sadker seated in the same schoolroom, reading the same text edition, and listening to the same instructor, male childs and misss receive real ly different knowledges ( Weiss, 2001, p. 44 ) . Their research illustrates that male pupils non merely wear more of the instructors attending in mention with the figure ( and quality ) of the inquiries asked in the schoolrooms, but the same is besides true in font of the follow-up inquiries. Harmonizing to them, male pupils besides receive more precise and helpful feedback while female pupils bear the consequence of their instructors asymmetrical distribution of energy, endowment, and attending ( Weiss, 2001 ) .Frequently, tough gender detriment is at that place in the schoolrooms but is b atomic number 18ly noticed by the instructors. It remains elusive and is difficult to trap down. Teachers, being deposit between several determinations every twenty-four hours refering the course of study and schoolroom direction, happen small room to contemplate and analyze their interactions with male and female pupils in their schoolrooms. While a the glance done by Marshall & A Rei nhartz ( 1997 ) showed that the instructors communicating with their pupils has a cardinal influence on the current and prospective doing and achievement of both male and female pupils, another survey by Crawford and Macleod ( 1990 ) ( as cited in Lundeburg, 1997 ) , discovered that colored schoolroom interaction leads to decrease authorisation in their rational abilities by female pupils. A big figure of surveies exhibit that instructor behaviours institute the foremost contributing factor for a high grade of student-participation in the schoolroom by male pupils than the female pupils. ( Kosmerl, 2000 ) . Male pupils are likely to acquire a greater portion of instructors attending and have more specific feedback. However, female pupils are less likely to have congratulations or redress for the rational content of their replies than male pupils conversely, the female pupils are more likely to have an acknowledgement response from their instructors ( Sadker and Sadker, 1994 ) . It is non common to happen instructors waiting for more than 5 seconds for a response from their pupils it is even more funny to see instructors naming on non-volunteering pupils to arouse their responses. Teachers behaviours such as these tend to breed schoolroom unfairnesss by promoting aggressive male pupils ( Lundeburg, 1997 ) . Another survey by Sadker and Sadker ( 1986 ) ( as cited in McGee Bailey, 1996 ) provides grounds that instructors discriminatory behaviors in the schoolroom are non chronic but modifiable. However, instructors are mostly non witting of their ain unjust behaviors in the schoolrooms, and are frequently found to be gender-blind, unless their attending is drawn to the affair. This can hold many detrimental effects, because it is about impossible to work out a job that is difficult to acknowledge in the first case. Nonetheless, preparation in gender equity is barely of all time an ingredient of instructor instruction ( Lundeberg, 1997 ) , particularly s o in Pakistan.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMWhile a important sum of research exists in context of pupils perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in the schoolroom, there is small research on manus blab instructors perceptual experiences of the same capable affair. This survey is intended to concentrate on the present-day(a) perceptual experiences of instructors sing gender prejudice. Since pupils continue to have different instructions, it is of import to place how instructors may continue to detect, respond, lessening, and avoid gender prejudice.PUROSE OF STUDYThe intent of this survey is to exemplify the perceptual experiences of instructors on the topic of gender prejudice as measured by a questionnaire. The aims of the survey areI ) To measure instructors perceptual experiences about gender prejudice.two ) To measure instructors educational preparation sing gender prejudice.three ) To measure instructors experiences with gender prejudice. question HPYOTHESESHypothesis I mak e up if instructors do non province that they have been involved in gender prejudice in their ain schoolrooms, they will describe they have witnessed or heard of gender prejudice issues in their schools and/or others.Hypothesis IITeachers will describe they wish that they had received some or more educational preparation sing gender prejudice.Hypothesis ThreeTeachers will describe they have received small or no educational preparation sing gender prejudice. qualified from Teachers perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in schoolroom, Katherine M. Kosmerl, Research Paper, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout, May, 2000. hypertext off protocol //www.uwstout.edu/static/lib/thesis/2003/2003kosmerlk.pdfREFRENCESKosmerl, K. M. ( 2000 ) . Teachers perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in schoolroom, Research Paper, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout, May, 2000. hypertext transfer protocol //www.uwstout.edu/static/lib/thesis/2003/2003kosmerlk.pdfLu ndeberg, M. ( January-February, 1997 ) . You Guys Are Overreacting Teaching Prospective Teachers About Subtle Gender Bias, Journal of Teacher Education, 48 ( 1 ) , 55-61.Marshall, C. , Reinhartz, J. ( July/August, 1997 ) . Gender Issues in the Classroom. hypertext transfer protocol //www.jstor.org/pss/30185879McGee Bailey, S. ( May, 1996 ) . Shortchanging Girls and Boys. Educational Leadership, 53 ( 8 ) , 75-79. Cited in Teachers perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in schoolroom, Katherine M. Kosmerl, Research Paper, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout, May, 2000. hypertext transfer protocol //www.uwstout.edu/static/lib/thesis/2003/2003kosmerlk.pdfSadker, D. , Sadker, M. ( 1994 ) . Failing at Fairness How Our Schools Cheat Girls. New York Simon & A Schuester.Weiss, R. ( 2001 ) . Gender-Biased Learning. Training & A Development, 55 ( 1 ) , 42-48. Cited in Teachers perceptual experiences of gender prejudice in schoolroom, Katherine M. Kosmerl, Research Paper, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout, May, 2000. hypertext transfer protocol //www.uwstout.edu/static/lib/thesis/2003/2003kosmerlk.pdf

Verble & Non Verble Communication

Assignments Marks Allo throw awayion Breakdown Setting the scene Introduction and issue analysis commentary Directly addresses the question Uses a wide range of information skeletal from course material to address the issues Uses a wide range of information drawn from other sources (journals, articles, etc) to address the issues Contextualises the learning to the workplace Quality of conclusions and recommendations implemented Data collection and qualitative analysis/literature review Originality Attempts original research and analysis, original and challenging insights to balanced perception Structure and presentation Logical sequence with sections well linked Good flow and clarity of presentation Balance mingled with text, use of charts, diagrams, promontoryings, sub-headings, etc Professional business-like style Compliance Word count Submission on time My topic of choice is Verbal and Non-verbal Interpersonal converse I will assess each below 8 A ) Verbal InterpersonalCommunication Verbal Interpersonal Communication uses language as means of communication between cultures. In languages, there are set of rules about the use of discussions in the creation of messages. The usage of language in interpersonalcommunication can be either verbalise or written. Below are some features of a language or connected with language a) Phonology sounds of language ) phoneme smallest unit of sound, example cat, tdk why is cat correct but not tdk, English has 45 phonemes (ch, th) c) Morphology -smallest units of meaning, example, morpheme, happy, happiness, unhappiness d) Semantics -study of meaning of words, the understanding of vocabulary in order to function in a language. There are two types of meanings in languages i) denotative meanings public, objective, legal meanings of words ii) connotative meanings personal, emotionally charged meanings For example, What does test mean to you? e) Syntactics -relationships of words to one anot her, word order f) Pragmatics effect of language on human perceptions and behaviors ) Translation transfer of written verbal codes between language, has time h) Interpretation oral make for of sorrowful from one code to another Examples of Language Language follows culturally determined patterns which influence thinking. Some examples English is linear, Arabic combines ideas through conjunctions, hard to discover important idea when translating into English. England, Ireland, Canada, USA all speak English, is it the kindred? Arabic inshallah, intonation, Arabic uses exaggeration, overassertion, repetition, elaboration, 10 words for English, 100 words for Arabic. Writers Shakespeare used 34,000 words, today a salutary writer 15,000-20,000. Eskimos have 30 words for snow. 9 B) Non Verbal InterpersonalCommunication Non-verbal InterpersonalCommunication uses non-verbal codes as means of communication between cultures. Non-verbal codes are as the following is a multichannel ed process spontaneously performed possess nonlinguistic behaviors enacted subconsciously can be intentional or unintentional is not taught, but learned through observation and experiences Characteristics of nonverbal Codes Non-verbal codes function as a silent language and impart meanings in subtle and covert ways, continuous, natural, blur into another, less precise. Relationship of Verbal to Nonverbal 1. underline the verbal 2. omplement the verbal (smiling, pointing) 3. contradict the verbal (nonverbals are opposite to spoken) 4. regulate the conversation (looking, gestures) 5. substitute, take the place of the verbal Cultural Universals in Nonverbal Communication 1. same body parts are used 2. convey similar meanings 3. accompany verbal 4. motives are the same 5. escort and coordinate contexts and relationships that are the same Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communication 1. repertoire of behaviors are different 2. display rules when and where 3. interpretations of m eanings. 4. random 5. idiosyncratic 6. shared meaning and significance Body Movements KinesicsRefers to gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eyes. 1. Emblems nonverbals that have direct verbal counterpart 2. Illustrators accompany the verbal, more easily understood 3. Affect show feelings, emotions, body and face 4. Regulators synchronize behavior, control the flow of conversation 5. Adapters reaction to physical state, scratching, unintentional Space Proxemics Refers to how people use physical space. Example cold means having large physical distances and affectionate means having smaller physical distances. Touch Affects positive and negative feelings and may denote the following meanings playfulness control ritual purpose task link up Time ChronemicsHere, time is the main determinant of communication and is used in various Example, past oriented means having a circular approach to support , present oriented means enjoying the spontaneity of the situation and future oriented means tomorrow. Voice Refers to the use of different tones of voices when communicating. Example, Through pitch, rate of talking, rhythm and stack Chemical codes Here, smell is used when communicating, for example wearing perfumes 10 Conclusion 1. Communication is a process when a sender transmits a message to a receiver using a particular medium. The medium used can either be verbal or non-verbal, which includes printed or electronic medias. 2.Culture refers to a conference of people or society that has the share the same norm (what is expected of an individual) and values (what is considered good or bad in that particular group or society). 3. A group or society that live in close proximity with one another is called a community. 4. Cultures can be separate based on certain dimensions like Low Context Culture, mellow Context Culture, Individualism, Collectivism, High Power Distance, Low Power Distance, Low Uncertainty Avoidance, High Uncertainty Avoidance, Mas culine, Feminine, Monochronic, Polychronic, Acquired Status and Given Status. 5. For the people in a group or society to interact with one another, communication is necessary.

The Deadly Happiness of Mrs,. Mallard

Modes of Analysis Character Analysis on Story Of An Hour The Story of an Hour is short baloney in which many things happened during that second. With in an hour the main character Mrs. com/story-hour-sorrowful-woman-plight-women/ class=ilgenmallard experience sensations that she never felt before in her life. During the process of the story we begin to see a character that is short sick and summited to society regiment. At the moment of the unannounced, Mrs. Mallard showed a different aspect of her egotism. We tend to react in the different prospective ways when an unexpected event happens.We tend to have a close look at our real selves. The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin reflects the dramatic process of Mrs. Mallards character through the death of her husband. It also demonstrates that the true identity hobonot be sheltered forever. Mrs. Mallard character had a distinctive personality. A woman who summited her self to the mental abuse of her husband and she became sick from al l the hurting she kept inside (227). She remains quiet during her life not allowing anyone to know her deepest thoughts. She was not innocuous to do as she wanted. Mrs.Mallard had the desire of getting in touch with the world outside and to be able to speak when ever she wanted to. The detail I am interested in the most is the reaction of Mrs. Mallard toward the saying Free Body and Soul extra (228). It is not easy to understand her reaction. I think that reaction is the result of her inside conflict in which she hesitates about how to determine her own feelings. She doesnt know how to react, she should feel sorry about the death news, and she feels happy about freedom (228). At the beginning, when I truism her reaction about the news of her husband death, I began to analyze the character.At the beginning of the story, I saw a cold hearted character, as I continue reading it became cleared to me that Kate Chopin was trying to send a message through her story. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, this reaction was unacceptable in society. However through the modern readers eyes her reaction is the explosion of her true feelings which were repressed for a long time. During the time byplay in which the story was based on, a wife had to be subservient to her husband and her life was confined to the house. Women in those days were not permitted to divorce the further way they would acquire liberty was by becoming widows.A traditional role desire that, makes Mrs. Mallard consider her marriage as a burden and she feels free when she gets to know about her husbands death. Thats the reason Mrs. Mallard became joyful when she heard the news of her husbands death. I think that she felt overwhelmed with her everyday life of a servant, with fatten up dependence on Brently his decisions and maybe his dominance. To me it seems that the character of Mrs. Mallard is a person who is disappointed with the harsh reality of her everyday living, and that she is also subconsciously looking for a chance to escape from an unhappy marriage.She loved her husband and sincerely cried for him when she hears of his death, but at the same time she is happy to acquire her freedom again(228). Through Mrs. Mallard reaction, I can see that she suffers a lot from her married life. Mrs. Mallard tries to use her go out to beat the feeling of freedom and the desire for independence, but her will loses, and her true feeling takes control over her thinking. As a result, her reaction is different from what is usual and expected. Her exclamation of freedom impact the readers, because of the unexpected reaction of Mrs.Mallard, by Chopin allowing this expression in the story it helps the reader understand the inside struggle of her own life. Mrs. Mallard is a vivid character that identifies the life of Chopin. It indicates her closed-door needs, emotion and expectations which she kept inside. Chopin lived in an era where women were not heard. Personally, I think tha t the saying free is the reaction that expresses the feelings about society condemnatory ways to women. To Mrs. Mallard it is like a prison having to be under the oppression of her husband authority.She had lived under the control of her husband, with little identity and time of her own. Maybe to under his imposed private will it was confusing for her ability to identify herself. The expression in the reaction helps the reader identify more strongly with her need for individuality. I also can identify with Mrs. Mallard with myself she is a lady who sacrifices herself for her husband. Her reaction shows that despite a lot of suffering, she is willing to maintain the wife role the last moment. She only dares to permit her true feeling pour out after she hears of his death and in a place away from public view, in her room (228).Her saying tells me that in her life she has never experienced such a moment of great joy, happiness and excitement like this. Later on in the story, she recei ved the letdown of her life when she learns her husband was alive. That brought her to her death which in another way she became free of her oppression (228). When I read this story for the first time, it seemed to be a story of many unpredictable details. To me, the story is still highly appreciated until strict social bias and peoples expectations about gender roles in general and marriage in particular are denied completely.

Discuss the contribution that psychology has made to contemporary society

Since Psychology has been known as a subject, it is very broad, and has contributed to umteen argonas of society to the work place, school, prison and institutions.In the work place, managers are trained to deal and communicate in effect with employees and customers alike. This helps to keep both parties happy, and this ca engages less distress. Most work places are under law in which thus far people with mental health issues are drop by the waysideed to be employed, and only in severe cases they will be unaccepted to the job. An occupational psychologist is equal to find a job for those who are dis adequated and that would be fitting to meet their skills and knowledge. A couple of centuries ago, people who had mental illnesses wouldnt be able to get a job, and are possible to be distinguished as insane or crazy, because of the lack of help that was given at that time.In the school, the National Curriculum has been helped by the research of Psychology by the reflection of Piage ts stages showing that children are likely to cope with ideas when they are ready or at a given age. For example, those children who are at the concrete operation stage at age 11 should not be given anything to do with dinner dress reasoning. Although, Vygotsky believed in scaffolding, this means by actively participating in groups to their level of understanding to be able to make them understand what they are being taught better.In prison, they use token economy systems which is based on operant conditioning for those who have good demeanour they are reinforced with tokens, and these can be protected up to be able to have a privileges to go out. The token economy system allow for prisoners to continue their repeated good behaviour. During court sessions they need to know whether someone is classified as insane, and whether they should go to psychiatric hospital or ward, or to prison because they are a criminal.In institutions, they also use the operant conditioning of token eco nomy systems to be able to have the patients do good behaviour and to be reinforced with tokens. This allows to substitute the tokens to be able to have leave or be able to do more activities within the institution. Institutions also have social skills to help those with mental health issues to be able to understand how to make social interactions with other people many of both offenders as wholesome as patients lack these skills, and these can be developed through number of ways such as role play and rehearsal.

Essay on Act III of the Crucible Essay

In the foregather The Crucible Arthur milling machine creates a successful dramatic climax at the end of bout tercet. intrinsic to this success is Millers continued engagement with the audience. The principal reason why the climax is so dramatic and nail-biting is because the audience is involved with what is happening on microscope stage. Throughout The Crucible Miller has achieved a powerful relationship with the audience both on an emotional and intellectual level. The audience in make out III continue to have an understanding of the personalities of the characters and an insight into their behaviour and how they react in different circumstances.In Act III the audience maintains a deep emotional relationship with the characters. They persist to despise real characters such(prenominal) as Abigail who is exemplified as remorseful, untruthful and vengeful. In contrast the audience develops a much empathetic relationship with some characters such as Elizabeth watch and bloo dy shame Warren. The context of Act III within the play lies just after the incarceration of several villagers on the alleged charges of witchcraft including the wives of three reckon men within the village John Proctor, Francis Nurse and Giles Corey. The driving plot line of Act III is these three mens attempt to redeem their wives a get aroundicular focus is on Proctors struggle. Part of Millers dramatic success is attributed to the government agency he is adapted to set up the historic and social context.The historical setting of the play is a theocratic Puritan settlement in 1692 in the Massachusetts. The theocracy is a significant part of the play as it leads to mounting frustration for the audience and it is the can to the plot Miller also uses the theocracy in Salem to convey an important message about Millers own social setting in 1950s America. When Miller was writing the play he was living in a club where McCarthyism was prevalent. The playwright in The Crucible pa rticularly in Act III is conveying how McCarthyism is u take advantageg communism as a false pretence to hunt cut back McCarthys enemies in the same way that Salem is using the guise of witchcraft to rid themselves of threats or adversaries. Perhaps Miller is illustrating to the contemporary audience that the hysteria and difficulties of theocracy are strikingly similar to McCarthyism.An important part of the success towards the end of Act III are Millers stage directions they give a vivid instruction to the actors of how to portray to the audience the emotions mat by the characters. Miller begins the facet on a remarkably dramatic moment Proctor becomes enraged when Abigail attempts to call promised land. Proctor cries How dare you call Heaven Whore Whore in this historical context the word whore has significantly powerful connotations with what the society would verify as evil and sin. The characters on stage react to this in an expected way Danforth appears to be confused an d horrified and is shouting at Proctor Man Man, what do you-we can see how severe the potential charge of whore could be.When Proctor attempts to justify this charge he is shown on stage as trembling and petrified he shouts I have known her, sir, I have known her this make noise of biblical terminology shows the absolute control theocracy has upon Salem and how expression from the Bible has managed to integrate into everyday language. The audience can see the impact and power of this scene by the emotion and bewildered reactions of others. Following this scene of commotion Miller creates a relatively calm scene, Proctors anxiety turns into confidence as he is sure his wife is able to verify his claims ,my wife cannot lie. Abigail, although not revealing very much with speech, she is portrayed in contrast as enraged to the audience.Upon Elizabeth Proctors entry, there is a patch of suspense and importance, the audience can tell this because Elizabeth sees Proctor with his back tu rned which conveys to the audience it is a suspenseful moment and she is lodgeed by the De rangey-Governor to Look at me only. The audience can see the sign impact this has upon her as she appears weak and confused. The scene escalates in tension and a tremendous amount of embrace is universe put upon her. Elizabeth is clear fearful of the status and the substantial implications of her testimony as she uses vague descriptions such as dissatisfied and she repeatedly states her husband is a good and righteous man. Elizabeth is intimidated by Danforth, at several times during her interrogation Goody Proctor attempts to look at her husband and he shouts at her woman, look at meThe use of this phrase shows a derogatory attitude towards women that was prevalent during this termination of history. During Elizabeths questioning Danforth uses violence against her he holds her face and she is portrayed to the audience as full of excruciation and the clear impacts of the stress being p ut upon her. When Elizabeth is eventually shouted at Is your husband a lech? she replies no and she is removed from the courtroom.This enrages the audience how Elizabeths answer which has essentially been forced out of her after being interrogated and not for a second been reconsidered. Empathy is also felt for Elizabeth because of the difficulty of the note that has been forced upon her. The passion felt between the Proctors is evident here Elizabeth has lied putting her life at risk in order to save her husbands name, Proctor then shouts, she only thought to save my name in desperation to save his wife. This devotion towards each other contrasts with the beginning of Act II where there was a sense of awkwardness between the couple.Following Good Wife Proctors ejection from the court-room, The high-flown Hale makes a passionate speech declaring his objection to the situation, I may shut my conscience to this no more- private vengeance is working through this testimony. Miller pe rhaps uses Hale in this situation to represent the audiences opinion on stage, Hale is finally able to see clearly what is going on, and the audience is relieved that the lies of Abigail may be exposed.Furthermore there is a prospect of try for as Hale could possibly lead the demise of Abigail he cries This girl has always struck me as false. Once Abigail is under pressure and she is at risk of being undermined she is able to control the situation by creating an imaginary scene. Abigail lets out a loud chilling cry, which would have tremendous impact on the audience and stunned both the other characters and perhaps the audience also into silence. Abigail and the rest of the girls pretend that Mary Warren has shape shifted into a yellow bird which would have bewildered an audience.The girls are described as transfixed and hypnotized (upon the bird) showing how convincing their performance must have been. During Abigails genuine saving with the bird she says But God made my face Mar yenvy is a deadly sin Millers use of the word sin perhaps implies that Abigail is appealing to Danforth by making her language correspond to the Bible also by using the term sin Abigail makes Mary appear more sinister to the rest of the characters on stage and make her appear to be associated to the devil. The girls mimicking of Mary has a remarkable impact upon the atmosphere and pace of the scene, all the shouting between Mary and the girls adds to the drama and builds up excitement in the scene .The audience becomes horrified at the situation, with Abigails power and dominance she is able to shift the accusations from her to an innocent which must disgust the audience. Compassion is felt towards Mary because of the horrendous situation she is put in. It seems Millers original impression of the girls as ruthless appears to be fulfilled during these scenes.

Apollo 13

On April eleventh 1970 the Apollo 13 Lunar missionary post launched from the Kennedy Space aggregate in Florida. Aboard Apollo 13, 3 astronautsJim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haisewere want to be the third mission to land on the moon. 56 hours into the course the members of the screen back foundation mob of Mission Control in Houston, Texas listened as the 5 nomenclature NASA neer wants to hear resonated through the speakers Houston we have a problem. These words were immortalized during the apprehensive days of the Apollo 13 lunar mission crisis. Additionally, it rear be said that Apollo 13 was whizz of the great success stories of human exercise and triumph.Director Ron Howard recreated these epic and historical events in the 1995 movie Apollo 13. The Apollo 13 theatrical movie trailer provides insight condensation the events of Apollo 13. Furthermore, it illustrates the full-strength, real life narrative that depicts the prevailing character of human will and the life story to overcome much(prenominal) adversity. Furthermore the comradely of the flight crew and the ground crew in Houston, along with the support, thought and collection from the entire world as they watched the subsequent events of the hazard unfold, illuminates the miracle that was Apollo 13, and proves champion thing. Failure in non an option.The double star scenes betwixt the flights crew in seat and the ground crew in Houston depict the collective perform of both parties and the importance of teamwork in accomplishing a goal. Apollo 13 was non seen merely as one misadventure but a series of cause and movement adventures, each one building on the previous. In the face of this action the flight crew remained unusually calm, analyzed the situation, communicated with the ground crew and took action. Similarly in Houston the ground team worked together as a team, analyzing the series of problems and working together to arrive at a assuredness of aim and plan.The switching amongst the scenes in space and those on the ground were fast, intermittent and at times overlapping, especially during the climax of the disaster. This exemplified the cooccurring responsibilities and symbiotic relationship of both teams. As well, a major difficulty with the entire Apollo 13 disaster was that at that time nobodyflight or ground crewknew exactly what happened and how to fix it. This is illustrated by the disjointing of each team through separation of the scenes (and scenery). The flight team was shown in outer space, floating in air (due to the absence of gravity), clad in fully fledged space suits.While the ground team was on land working in a mission watch room, and clothed in typical work-attire. The flight crew, creation at the event, could not see the results of the initial detonation while in Houston the ground crew was not in a ofttimes better position, in time having some vital information from instruments in the spacecraft. altogether t he while not understanding of the cause of the problem, as well as how dire the situation was, and unaccompanied knowing it was deteriorating quickly. These binaries construct an understanding that one could not survive without the other working together, teamwork, was their only option.Human will, and the spirit to overcome such adversity plunder be seen in the hard-work, dedication, sacrifice and trust demonstrated by the astronauts and the members of the ground team alike, especially with so much at stakehuman life. In the end, what skint on the Apollo 13 service module was never fixed. Instead, the ground crew came together and developed a plan of action with only one purpose To safely return Apollo 13 to earth, and the flight crew only beted one ultimate outcome returning to earth safely.Furthermore while focused on one united cause there was only one outcome, and it proved to be a miracle. As well, the dependable leadership and true vision of those involved in Apollo 13 s erves as a reminder anything is possible. gene Krantz, Apollo 13s flight director exhibited true leadership. Gene is known for two quotes, both of which can be seen in the trailer Failure is not an option. and Weve never lost an American in space we sure as hell arent spill to lose one on my watch. His refusal to even consider failure as a possibility was a significant factor resulting in the return of Apollo 13 to earth.Although addressing the multitude of complex, compounding issues and problems facing the safe economy of the flight crew, his perfect visionseeing things not as they were, but as they will bewas important because it refused members of the team to engage in proscribe thinking. As well Lovells wife when asked by news reported about the events voiced her arbitrary thinking and determined attitude, Take it up with my husband, he will be here on Friday. The context music of the trailer crescendos along with the heightened intensity of the events.The narration by Lovell at the beginning of the trailer, There is null routing about flying to the moon, through irony foreshadows such an epic, out-of-the ordinary event. Ultimately, the Apollo 13 crew under these facts and peck and knowing that these astronauts barely survived the closest encounter with finale in space was nothing short of a real, true life miracle. The story is nonetheless true, and fantastically inspiring. The final scene of the trailer is a draft of earth in space with Apollo 13 crossways the screen.The simplicity of this final scene in note to the epic and immense event is somewhat trounce and truly exemplifies Apollo 13 as one of the greatest success stories. The world stood still, watched and prayed for the safe return of the astronauts, and by overcoming all odds, they did return and in the most unique fashion. The success story of Apollo 13 should serve as a reminder that anything is possible. One thing that is disquieted in the trailer is the greatness and epic luck that encompass the Apollo 13 mission.There is significant focus on intensity and disaster showcased in the trailer, including climatic and communicatory music, musical crescendos, extreme emotion, intense explosions, and fire blazed action. The meat producers, however, chose to stress the scene in which the shuttle takes-off and when the tank of the command module explodes in space. The viewer can then relate and infer the relationship between the two events, and assume that the unthinkable happens, disasters strikes thus divergence the astronauts paramount missionsurvival.Apollo 13On April 11th 1970 the Apollo 13 Lunar Mission launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Aboard Apollo 13, 3 astronautsJim Lovell, Jack Swigert and Fred Haisewere seeking to be the third mission to land on the moon. 56 hours into the flight the members of the ground crew of Mission Control in Houston, Texas listened as the 5 words NASA never wants to hear resonated through the speakers Houston we have a problem. These words were immortalized during the apprehensive days of the Apollo 13 lunar mission crisis. Additionally, it can be said that Apollo 13 was one of the greatest success stories of human achievement and triumph.Director Ron Howard recreated these epic and historical events in the 1995 movie Apollo 13. The Apollo 13 theatrical movie trailer provides insight condensing the events of Apollo 13. Furthermore, it illustrates the true, real life narrative that depicts the prevailing nature of human will and the spirit to overcome such adversity. Furthermore the comradely of the flight crew and the ground crew in Houston, along with the support, thought and prayer from the entire world as they watched the subsequent events of the disaster unfold, illuminates the miracle that was Apollo 13, and proves one thing. Failure in not an option.The binary scenes between the flights crew in space and the ground crew in Houston depict the collective action of both parti es and the importance of teamwork in accomplishing a goal. Apollo 13 was not seen merely as one disaster but a series of cause and effect disasters, each one building on the previous. In the face of this action the flight crew remained remarkably calm, analyzed the situation, communicated with the ground crew and took action. Similarly in Houston the ground team worked together as a team, analyzing the series of problems and working together to arrive at a assuredness of purpose and plan.The switching between the scenes in space and those on the ground were fast, sporadic and at times overlapping, especially during the climax of the disaster. This exemplified the coinciding responsibilities and symbiotic relationship of both teams. As well, a major difficulty with the entire Apollo 13 disaster was that at that time nobodyflight or ground crewknew exactly what happened and how to fix it. This is illustrated by the disjointing of each team through separation of the scenes (and scenery ). The flight team was shown in outer space, floating in air (due to the absence of gravity), clad in full-fledged space suits.While the ground team was on earth working in a mission control room, and clothed in typical work-attire. The flight crew, being at the event, could not see the results of the initial explosion while in Houston the ground crew was not in a much better position, however having some vital information from instruments in the spacecraft. All the while not understanding of the cause of the problem, as well as how dire the situation was, and only knowing it was deteriorating quickly. These binaries construct an understanding that one could not survive without the other working together, teamwork, was their only option.Human will, and the spirit to overcome such adversity can be seen in the hard-work, dedication, sacrifice and trust demonstrated by the astronauts and the members of the ground team alike, especially with so much at stakehuman life. In the end, what broke on the Apollo 13 service module was never fixed. Instead, the ground crew came together and developed a plan of action with only one purpose To safely return Apollo 13 to earth, and the flight crew only considered one ultimate outcome returning to earth safely.Furthermore while focused on one united cause there was only one outcome, and it proved to be a miracle. As well, the true leadership and true vision of those involved in Apollo 13 serves as a reminder anything is possible. Gene Krantz, Apollo 13s flight director exhibited true leadership. Gene is known for two quotes, both of which can be seen in the trailer Failure is not an option. and Weve never lost an American in space we sure as hell arent going to lose one on my watch. His refusal to even consider failure as a possibility was a significant factor resulting in the return of Apollo 13 to earth.Although addressing the multitude of complex, compounding issues and problems facing the safe rescue of the flight crew, h is perfect visionseeing things not as they were, but as they will bewas important because it refused members of the team to engage in negative thinking. As well Lovells wife when asked by news reported about the events voiced her positive thinking and determined attitude, Take it up with my husband, he will be here on Friday. The background music of the trailer crescendos along with the heightened intensity of the events.The statement by Lovell at the beginning of the trailer, There is nothing routing about flying to the moon, through irony foreshadows such an epic, out-of-the ordinary event. Ultimately, the Apollo 13 crew under these facts and circumstances and knowing that these astronauts barely survived the closest encounter with death in space was nothing short of a real, true life miracle. The story is nonetheless true, and incredibly inspiring. The final scene of the trailer is a picture of earth in space with Apollo 13 across the screen.The simplicity of this final scene in contrast to the epic and immense event is somewhat overpowering and truly exemplifies Apollo 13 as one of the greatest success stories. The world stood still, watched and prayed for the safe return of the astronauts, and by overcoming all odds, they did return and in the most remarkable fashion. The success story of Apollo 13 should serve as a reminder that anything is possible. One thing that is stressed in the trailer is the greatness and epic circumstances that encompass the Apollo 13 mission.There is significant focus on intensity and disaster showcased in the trailer, including climatic and expressive music, musical crescendos, extreme emotion, intense explosions, and fire blazed action. The content producers, however, chose to stress the scene in which the shuttle takes-off and when the tank of the command module explodes in space. The viewer can then relate and infer the relationship between the two events, and assume that the unthinkable happens, disasters strikes thus leav ing the astronauts paramount missionsurvival.