Project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Project 3 - Essay Example The steps in action research are sequential in nature. One first identifies a problem, gathers data, interprets the data, action based on the data, reflects, and plans on the data after which he or she writes, shares or publicizes the obtained information. Teachers, students alongside co-researchers who are prepared to challenge the status quo usually conduct this systematic process. Therefore, action research is an important tool and parcel that enlightens the teachers in diverse education settings on ways of improving operations at their educational centers, how they ought to teach, and ways with which the students can learn and gain information with ease. Furthermore, action research seeks to bring together action and reflection, theory and practice, in participatory with others in the pursuit of practical solutions to issues of pressing concern to people and more generally to the flourishing of individual persons in their communities. This paper gives a summary of scientific and action research theory that is great significance to researchers including students. In summary, the scientific-technical view of problem solving is one of the most vital teaching strategies that employ the scientific and action research methods in searching for information. In simpler terms, various individuals including teachers have conceptualized problem solving as a systematic approach of defining the problem and creating a vast number of possible scientific or technological solutions without judging them. This primarily involves the students and hones their skills as it enables them to become active participants in the learning process. Five basic steps need to be followed in order to come up with a myriad of stellar scientific solutions to the depicted problems as required under action research. The technique enables students to be taught and trained to be sensitive to

Social Work Theories Older Adults

Social Work Theories Older Adults 1. Introduction This essay concerns the application of social work theory and practice with adults within the context of a specific legislative framework. The assignment specifically takes up different aspects of social work theory and practice that concern the carers of old and disabled individuals. It makes specific use of the case study on Betty, her daughter Elizabeth, and other members of Elizabeths family. The case study is provided in the appendix to this essay. It is considered as read and is thus not described in the body of this essay. The assignment deals with the role of carers in the UK social work infrastructure and their needs and rights. It also takes up the importance of interprofessional participation and partnership between social and health care professionals and carers in delivery of social and health care, including the management of risk. 2. Identification of Issue This assignment focuses on the responsibilities, difficulties, and needs of Elizabeth, the 49 year old daughter of Betty, who is 74 and has been living with Elizabeth and her family for the last 2 years. Elizabeth, who is white, is married to Charles (48), who is black and of African-Caribbean origin. They have two children, Mathew (22) and Elisa (19), who live with them. Betty suffered from a stroke two months ago and is recovering in hospital. She has developed poor left side mobility on account of the episode and will require a wheel chair to move about. She has been medically assessed as ready to return home, where Elizabeth is expected to care for her. The situation and the caring relationship, whilst transparent and logical, has become complicated because of Charless redundancy from employment and his strained relationship with Mathew, who is yet to start earning. The domestic environment could become disturbed because of the possibility of Charles resuming his old drinking habits, the tendency of Mathew to engage in substance abuse and his stealing from his grandmother to fund his drug purchases and the possibility of Elisas moving out to live with her boyfriend. An application of Eriksons theory of human development reveals that Betty is now firmly entrenched in her late adulthood, whereas Elizabeth is in her middle adulthood. Betty, if she is properly cared for, will find it easy to accept her life stage and prepare for her final years with complacency. For Elizabeth, these are years of activity and being in charge. Taking care of Betty will add meaning to her life, reduce stagnation, and establish a caring and stable home environment. Elizabeth is obviously in a complex and difficult situation and whilst she must care for her ailing mother, she also has responsibilities towards her husband and children. Social work policies in the UK detail the ways through which social and medical care should be provided to adults in need (Oliver Decoster, 2006, p 243). Specific policies exist for providing medical and social support to elderly people with mental and physical disabilities. Such services are provided through the aegis of social work practitioners, mental health professionals, medical professionals and medical workers. These diverse professionals are expected to work in partnership for the delivery of comprehensive social and medical care to the old and disabled (Oliver Decoster, 2006, p 243). With the majority of such service users being expected to be cared for in the community, in their homes and in the midst of their near relatives, carers form an extremely important component of the social work delivery proc ess (Stalker, 2003, p 67). Elizabeth, in her role as the primary care for Betty forms the pivot for delivery of social and health care services. This assignment delves into the social work infrastructure and policies in the UK that are available for carers and makes particular use of relevant frameworks including the Single Assessment Process and National Service Framework for Older People. The essay also discusses relevant sociological and psychological theories for human development and behaviour and examines the ways in which inter-professional practice and partnership of professionals with carers can help in improvement of social work delivery. 3. Social and Medical Care for Adults and Old People The official approach for providing social and medical care for older people was revamped and improved significantly after the publication of the White Paper on Modernising Social Services in 1998 and the adoption of a national agenda for improvement of care and services (Baker, 2004, p 12). The National Service for Older People (NSF-OP), which was adopted in 2001set standards for the promotion of better services and greater integration of health and social care services for people (Baker, 2004, p 12). The NSF-OP is developed around 8 standards, namely (a) age discrimination, (b) person centred care, (c) intermediate care, (d) general hospital care, (e) stroke, (f) falls, (g) mental health and (h) health promotion. The NSF for older people very importantly introduced the concept of person centred care, which aimed to ensure that older people were treated as individuals in their own right and received care packages that satisfied their individual needs, irrespective of boundaries between health and social services (Baker, 2004, p 12). These standards aimed to ensure the integration of health care and social work services for older people and ca;;ed upon health and social care workers to participate and collaborate with each other to provide holistic and rounded services to people in need (Baker, 2004, p 12). The person centred approach for provisioning of social and health care is an important outcome of the gradual development and acceptance of the social model of disability (Moulin, 2002, p 43). The still dominant medical model of disability assumes that disabilities result from the physical or mental limitations of individual persons and are largely unrelated to their social or geographical surroundings. It places the origin of a problem with a person and states that solutions can be found by focusing on the individual, rather than on his or her surroundings (Moulin, 2002, p 43). Whilst the medical model has for centuries dominated human approaches towards disabled people, recent decades have seen the emergence and the progressive acceptance of the social model, which views disability to be the consequence of social and environmental barriers that restrict people with disabilities from participating in society (Moulin, 2002, p 47). The person centred approach is routed in the social model and aims to empower people with disabilities by allowing them to participate and agree to the medical and social care plans that are made for them (Moulin, 2002, p 47). Such empowerment provides service users with significant independence to participate in their rehabilitation and treatment process and allows care plans to focus on rehabilitation and prevention, rather than on symptomatic treatment (Moulin, 2002, p 47). The single assessment procedure was introduced in the SAF- OP, specifically to further the standard concerning person centred care (Baker, 2004, p 14). The SAP facilitates a single assessment for the medical and social needs of individuals and calls upon respective agencies to work together for provisioning of appropriate and holistic care to individuals in need (Baker, 2004, p 14). The SAF-OP is particularly relevant for Betty, because it provides a framework for providing of holistic social and medical services to individuals who have experienced strokes. 4. The Role of Carers Whilst Bettys medical condition and social needs are certainly addressed through policies like the SAP, the SAF-OP, the progressively greater use of the social model, the person centred approach, the existing social health care infrastructure, the efforts of the individual carer, in this case her daughter Elizabeth, will play a critical role in the delivery of such care. The progressive elimination of hospitalisation and institutionalisation for people with physical and mental ailments and the replacement of such approaches and methods with community centred care commenced in the 1960s and progressively increased over the years through appropriate policy modifications. It is now widely accepted that people with disabilities live far more enriched, satisfied and productive lives amongst their families, friends and communities than in specialised institutions. Betty, after her recuperation from her stroke, is expected to come back into the community, live with her close relatives and family members, and be cared for by people who care for her. Such community care, whilst extremely desirable as an alternative to institutionalisation, however calls for the services of specific carers for individuals, who cannot manage their own activities, and thus need to be looked after by other people (Office for National Statics, 2006, p 1-2). Such carers, in the overwhelming majority of cases, constitute of family members, spouses, siblings, parents or even children (Office for National Statics, 2006, p 1-2) Betty, after her stroke, has reduced left side mobility and will need a wheel chair for her personal movement. Whilst she may, in all probability, be able to look after her own needs to some extent, it is probable that she will certainly need the care of another person. Elizabeth, her daughter and the person with whom she is living at present, is expected to fulfil the role of her carer. Carers occupy a unique role in the British social care infrastructure. Practically 11% of the population, i.e. approximately 6 million people, provide unpaid care in the UK to individuals in need. Whilst practically half of these carers fall in the age group between 45 and 64, many of them are very young as well as quite old. The majority of people who receive care live either in residential premises (Office for National Statics, 2006, p 1-2). Caring for an elderly person, as Elizabeth will be required to do, calls for significant amounts of sensitivity and commitment. Most people involved in care for older people look after parents or relatives who were previously used to looking after them (Weinstein, et al, 2003, p 114). Elderly people often wish to remain self reliant and make their own decisions as long as possible. Such changes in family relationships can often be complex and lead to situations of conflict if they are not handled with adequate care and thought (Weinstein, et al, 2003, p 115). Whilst caring for older people has to be handled with great sensitivity to avoid upsetting the people who are being cared for, it also calls for a great deal of hard work, effort, and self sacrifice on the part of carers (Williams Robinson, 2000, p 18). Carers often have to adjust their responsibilities towards their employers, if they are employed, and to their other family members who may need their emotional and physical support, in order to look after the individuals whose care has been entrusted to them (Williams Robinson, 2000, p 18). With carers playing critical roles in supporting and providing essential services to disabled and ailing elderly people, it is essential for them to work in close coordination and participation with responsible medical, health and social care professionals in order to facilitate the provisioning of holistic medical, social, physical and emotional support to their elderly wards (Stalker, 2003, p 81). Such partnership helps in better assessment of risks that are faced by persons in care and formulation of appropriate care and intervention plans. Social and medical care plans thus need to be carefully formulated by the concerned social workers after appropriate assessment with the use of person centred approaches and the involvement and agreement of the service user and the carer (Stalker, 2003, p 81). Elizabeth, as has been stated before is experiencing difficult domestic conditions at home because of the unemployment of her husband. Whilst her husband Charles did not previously have any objection to Bettys staying with them, his attitude might now change because of her illness as well as straitened domestic circumstances. He has a history of alcohol misuse and domestic abuse and his employment redundancy, as well as annoyance with Matthews unemployment, drug abuse and household thievery may upset him enough to relapse into his old ways. Elizabeth could in the normal course of events expect assistance from her two children in discharging her caring and household duties. This however looks improbable because of Elisas plans to shift in with her boyfriend and Matthews disturbed emotional state and surreptitious misuse of drugs. 5. Assessment of Needs of Carers Carers, like Elizabeth, perform vital and pivotal roles in the delivery of social care to individuals under their care, who are otherwise unable to manage, at home, without some form of support because of issues like disability, mental health needs, and illness or learning difficulties. Such carers have their own problems and needs that can easily be overlooked by the people around them. Elizabeths problems, as explained in the previous section, whilst not apparent are complex and real. The previous New Labour government recognised these needs, and introduced significant legislation for the protection of the rights of carers, through the enactment of the Carers and Disabled Children Act, 2000, and the Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act, 2004. The Carers and Disabled Children Act provides carers with the rights for separate assessments of their needs, if they provide or intend to provide regular and substantial care to others (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 18). The person under care is usually assessed for his or her needs under the provisions of the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 18). This is the best way of helping, both the carer and the person in care. The services provided to people who are in care often helps to support carers through the provisioning of some of the care that is being given by carers. The Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act aims to assure that carers can avail of opportunities that others often take for granted (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 18). Assessments of needs of carers take into account the need of carers to continue with their work, return to work and excess education as well as training or leisure activities (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 19). The provisions of UK law state that carers are entitled to assessment, when they provide, or intend to provide, regular and substantial care to individuals in need, and the person being cared for, can access services from the Community Mental Health Team or the Department of Community Services (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 19). Such rights for assessment provide carers with (a) opportunities to reflect and discuss their own needs as carers, (b) share their caring experiences, (c) obtain recognition for their roles as carers, (d) obtain information and advice, (e) identify and discuss existing and potential difficulties, and (f) create contingency plans for circumstances that may not make it possible for them to continue in their caring roles (Stalker, 2003, p 83). Assessments are made to investigate the ways in which social and health care professionals and the existing infrastructure can help people in their caring roles by maintaining their health and wellbeing (Stalker, 2003, p 85). Such assessments concern issues like different aspects of individual caring roles, availability of breaks from caring, health issues of carers, maintenance of relationships with the person being cared for and others in the family, caring for home, accommodation, finances, work, education and training, support, emergencies, alternative arrangements and the future. As is evident, existing policies aim to make the assessment of carers as holistic as possible (Stalker, 2003, p 87). Such assessments take up a whole range of issues like the time being taken for caring, understanding the condition of the person being cared for, and difficulties in providing suitable care (Stalker, 2003, p 88). Health, relationships, finances, and work, are very important components of the assessment process, and social and health care professionals aim to assess whether carers can be helped in their relationships with people important to them and in their health, their finances and their leisure activity (D epartment of Human Services, 2003, p 19). Assessments for carers lead to personal discussions with them on the help required by them and the preparation of care plans that try to accommodate the wishes and constraints of carers to the maximum extent (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 21). The Department of Community Services can, after such assessment, provide help to both the carers and to the people who are being cared for. The persons who are being cared for can be helped with direct payments in order to allow them to purchase their own care, practical or personal care at home, respite care, adaptations and home equipment, and day care services (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 21). Carers can be helped with support in the form of (a) direct payments to help them to buy the support they need, (b) substitute care in order to enable them to take breaks from caring, (c) assistance with specific tasks and equipment to help them in their caring efforts, (d) advice and support in their role as carers and (e) short brea ks (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 21). Elizabeth can ask for an assessment, discuss her various problems with the social worker and try to work out, not only the best available care plan for Betty, but the ways in which she can obtain help to perform her caring functions effectively, maintain her home, help her children, and continue a good relationship with her husband. Conclusions This essay takes up the analysis of the case study of Elizabeth, her mother Betty, and her immediate family, and uses Elizabeths particular circumstances, as a would be carer for her mother, for an examination of existing legislation, theory and practice in areas of social and health care for adults with disabilities and their carers. Social work policies, practice, and theory for carers, as well as the persons they care for have evolved significantly over the last decade. Whilst assessment policies and intervention tools for adults with ailments or disabilities have been streamlined significantly in order to account for their individual needs and to empower them with independence in choosing their care and treatment plans, the importance of carers in the delivery of social work in a community care environment has come to the forefront. Carers are acknowledged to be critically important in the delivery of care. Social and health workers are expected to work collaboratively and in partnership, with each other and with carers, for the planning and delivery of holistic care and health services that take care of the individual needs of service users. Carers are also entitled to assessment of their needs and various forms of assistance to make their caring duties more effective and less onerous. Whilst Elizabeths responsibilities towards her mother and her family members are undoubtedly onerous, the social and health care policies of the country provide significant facilities that can help in making her responsibilities easier and her life more enriching and fulfilling.

American Honda Motor Corporation :: Essays Papers

American Honda Motor Corporation Honda Corporation and U.S. Markets After investigating the U.S. market and getting positive feedback, Honda exported over 50,000 CR-Vs to the U.S. in 1997. The target markets for this sporty looking new CR-V were consumers between the ages of 23 - 34, referred to sometimes as generation X. At $20, 000 however, in comparison to its competitors who offer vehicles at a cheaper cost, one might ask the question - why such a high price tag? An article on generation X from demographics.com sums the answer to this question up nicely:  § 54 percent of Gen Xer's have established a financial plan  § 88 percent want investment advice  § 46 percent already own mutual funds  § Population size of 44 million and growing The increased use of information technology in today's economy also creates an environment that facilitates better-informed decision-making. The internet, a powerful source for information is more than readily accessible. For instance, instead of watching 30-second commercials on television, generation X can tap into the net and spend as much time as they need researching products before making a purchase. As a result, generation X is better educated than previous generations and has more disposable income. They value quality more so than ever before and basically look for products that work for them. Economic forces that will impact Honda To continue selling record breaking units Honda will have to keep in touch with the needs of its changing customer base. For instance, the fastest-growing states, metropolitan areas, cities, and countries were concentrated in the South and West, according to the Census Bureau.  § The states whose population rose the fastest between 1996 and 1997 were Nevada (4.7%), Arizona (2.7%), and Georgia and Utah (both 2,1%). Meanwhile, Las Vegas, was the most rapidly growing metropolitan area from 1990 to 1996, with a 41% population increase, followed by Laredo, TX (33%), and McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX (29%).  § The story for cities was much the same. Among those with more than 100,000 people in 1996, the fastest growing from 1990 to 1996 were Henderson, NV (88%), Phoenix, San Antonio, and Houston. Each gained more than 100,000 people during this period.  § According to projections, the U.S. population in 2050 will have risen to about 394 million mostly in part due to increasing ethnic groups. Significance of these trends In 1997, an estimated 26 million persons, or nearly 1 in every 10 residents of the United States, were foreign born, the highest level since 1930.

Critical analyzing of the knowledge Essay

The role of a manager can be a complex job and although I have opted for five topics there are many more attributes to this position. Using my previous experiences, various research from books that I have read and the internet I will try to explain the rationale for my conclusions. In this essay I will look at the following five topics, Leadership, Communication, Delegation, Decision Making and Support which will help conclude, in my opinion, the five most important skills required to successfully fulfill the a position of a twenty first century manager. These skills underpin the knowledge and abilities which are of key importance to the pivotal role of the manager. LeadershipLeadership is about focusing on the most important resource available to them, i.e people. This process should include the development, academically and professionally of your people. It is important to encourage communication, engaging their thoughts and ideas to promote a win win situation. A manager should always motivate, encourage and promote excellent work, even in the most trying circumstances. A leader must always be aware of the ultimate goals of the organization, and know how their own objectives fit with them. Once these goals have been established you must ensure that your team understands the direction in which they are heading and why, and the purpose of their own activities within the overall plan. The ultimate objective should be broken down into attainable yet challenging goals that ideally will be inspiring and motivating for the whole team. Aims should also relate directly to the specific skills of the individual within the team. Working together towards a shared goal gives people a sense of ownership and responsibility, and  builds an atmosphere of team spirit, (Effective leadership by Robert Heller 1999). The written text of Robert Heller highlights in my opinion that every form of leadership requires strength, perseverance and dedicated staff to be able to fulfill a successful workplace. By choosing the correct employees to fit to you model enables yourself time to pursue further challenges. In my experience you have to show an open mind even to what might appear as, most off the wall suggestion. This shows the interpersonal skills to absorb the information, have time to think situations through and give effective feedback. This inturn promotes diversity amongst the employees that even the wildest suggestion is given time and thought. This objective way of empowering employees give positive vibes to each and every employee whatever their job role within the company or organization may be. With this in mind you can gain valuable commitment and engagement from the most un-co-operative people. Without being a positive open minded leader of people’s thoughts and ideas it is impossible to deliver results by which every leader is judged. A quote which sums this up is,`In fact, Leaders that go from good to great start not with `where` but with `who`. They start by getting the right people on the bus, the wrong people off the bus, and the right people in the right seats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. First the people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦then the direction` (Jim Collins, Educational Quotes for the 21 Century)This quote confirms to me the important role each person has in a well run, successful organization. Without this and total co-operation from all parts of the company, from senior management to the youngest most inexperienced person, failure would not be long from coming. Communication The art of communication can be a very complex situation unless steps are taken beforehand to ensure any messages relayed from higher management are correctly and concisely passed on in a positive manner. In my experience as a manager previously I have taken steps to prepare exactly what I was going to say in a manner which was clear, understandable, concise but most importantly which had enough open ended opportunity’s for two way discussions enabling myself to listen and give every opportunity for even negative feedback to be viewed as an opportunity for improvement. In my first few months as a manager within my company a position to which I was promoted from the shop floor, I was expected by the other employees to be able to change all forms of workmanship problems, health and safety issues, right down to the microwave being broken. I had up to then been part of a work force that had so bitterly complained of lack of information. My first steps were to gain trust from higher management to show I was as astute as previous managers and capable of moving on in a way which gave me time to bond as a manager with the employees and gain valuable experience in the role from which I was expected to get results from. My winning formula was simple; to put together a feedback questionnaire which involved everyone from the site leader to the cleaner. Each person was given 25 questions, some relevant, some comical and some which I thought were burning issues. All I asked from the employees was for the questionnaires to be filled out  with honesty. I requested any feedback, positive or negative be given in such a way which could be an opportunity for the company to move forward. The questionnaires themselves were voluntary and anonymous in case employees feared there would be reprisals afterwards. My next step was to get the 6 team leaders to put the questionnaires together in bar graphs, to offset a negative thought of management fiddling the results to look good for them. The findings were presented in an open meeting of 75 employees, which just coincidently fell at the same time as the area manager being on site looking at our set up. The outcome even surpassed my widest dreams, Ideas were given time and place, open discussions followed on subjects which some of the other managers were unaware of. But most importantly as a result of my actions a discussion group was formed which consisted of one manager, three employees, two team leaders and most importantly one of the junior employees the cleaner. All this led to a positive communication line from top to bottom. Everyone now felt they had as much responsibility as the next person, views were discussed openly, and problems dealt with by everybody. My ideas had ultimately been successful with some of the ideas being transferred into cost cutting and work improvement measures. One of my most positive actions was to get the microwave fixed. This gave me a foot into the door of management while successfully putting my  knowledge of frustrations of earlier years on the shop floor into good use. I learnt it is far better to listen and communicate then in a real way rather than pay lip service only. Action speaks louder than words. DelegationDelegation is probably one of the most arduous things a manager or leader has to do. Balancing the work load, too little and the person loses interest, too much and the person cannot successfully achieve the desired results for which you are looking for. And the reason for delegation?As a manager it is impossible to achieve everything yourself. You also need the support of subordinates(Team leaders, Supervisors) to process daily routines maybe now not on the top of your list, such as team meetings, daily forecasting, filling out of charts and overall managing of a team environment but yet pivotal to the success of your company. This also empowers employees to show their leadership qualities and the effectiveness of their skills. Choosing the right person to delegate to is vitally important. They have to have the knowledge, skills, motivation and be given sufficient time to be able to fulfill the tasks you are asking them to do. At most times these skills are not most openly visible so you have to choose the person you feel has the necessary intelligence and willingness to move up within your organization. With this you also have to give support, guidance and time to fulfill your expectations. The best way to achieve this would be to give smaller less important tasks to start with to build the person’s confidence, monitor the results, and gradually increase the level of responsibility so that the person`s powers of judgement increase with the more demanding work load you require from them. Delegation not only helps you get your work done; it can be used to improve your subordinates’ performance and therefore your trust in their ability to carry out more responsible work. Instruction training and development are part of the process of delegation. (How to be an even better Manager Sixth Edition, Michael Armstrong 2004)As I mentioned previously my early days of Management were extremely testing trying to find the right balance between concentrating on my new duties and trying to also hit production targets with ever changing goal posts. My attitude at first was to complete my work load given to me by my Manager then spend four more extra hours of the day completing work which I had left behind to make the transition. I was wrong, but this carried on until I was asked to attend a manager’s course in the Lake DistrictIt was basically 6 people from different backgrounds all sent on a course which fundamentally had the same out come whatever we were doing. Each day had a specific task, leading, assessing, team building, support and guidance and funny enough delegation. Each day a different person had to lead the task and by coincidence I had the day which turned out to be delegation. The task was for me to play draughts, I was in the control tower, and I had two people in a shed with whom my only contact was through a two way radio, and three people on the board moving the pieces. Initially my thought was to quickly make up a board with 64 squares and make my moves using this board and by radioing my moves to the two people in the  shed who would then run to the other three people who would make the move. They would then radio to me my competitors move and so on. My problem was I was still thinking of work and how if a problem arose I would try solving it myself, but what a big mistake. The game had a limit of 15 minutes and although I had thought my ingenious way of winning was superb I was ultimately beaten by blind foolishness, stubbornness and of course lack of delegation skills. It wasn’t till afterwards I realized how easy it would have been to let the two people in the shed co-ordinate with the three people on the board to solve a winning formula. It was a valuable lesson learnt and one I didn’t dither on too much when I returned to work, I used it to my advantage and re-assessed my team leaders performances and gave them new responsibilities which increased my time for more demanding business issues of which my new position entailed. Decision MakingDecision making is about thinking out a problem or situation, working out possible causes of concerns and making the correct choice or option. A decision is a judgement. It is a choice between alternatives. It is rarely a choice between right or wrong. It is the best choice between almost right and probably wrong- but more often a choice between two courses of action neither of which is probably more nearly right than the other (Peter Drucker, The Effective Executive, 1967)Every good Leader can expect praise by making decisive decisions based on the information gathered at any given time although census shows making excellent decisions is generally based on two or more conflicting disagreements, this enables the Leader to gauge opinion, have time to access the information and proceed with the best course of action. Many rules have been written about the best way to proceed when making the  best decision but from my experience getting the best answers means possibly accumulating five or six different reasoning processes and making the correct one, which I have listed below. Based on this way of thinking decisions become easier as time goes by, but as a leader you must have the confidence to implement and stand by your decisions. SupportAll good managers only become great leaders by entrusting the support of the work force of which they have been chosen to lead and visa versa. Experience tells me that trust can be very difficult to build and very easy to lose, as many employees have a `them and us` attitude towards management, so building trust can also bring loyalty amongst your workforce towards you. Building the initial trust is a very difficult thing to achieve as you have to prove your support towards them; This can be achieved by reassuring them you have no hidden agendas, and continually keeping them up to date on any information that affects them and keeping promises when made. Providing the workforce with the equipment and resources to succeed in their job also enlists support from them as well as recognizing successful targets achieved, this can be a motivator in itself. By appraising individuals and teams in successful target achievements with an  audience present can build a confidence within that teamUsing the team to present the results through interaction reinforces their stature of a job well done. Some mistakes are undoubtedly bound to happen in a high pressure situation where targets are hard to achieve but making sure any reprimand serious or not is made on a one to one basis is criticalThis does not undermine the individual or their performance but can be used as a learning curve on the way to build positives from a negative situation. Being a supportive leader means addressing all kinds of situations. I once had an employee who had just gone through a separation from his wife, was only seeing and visiting his children once a fortnight and was hitting the drink in such a manner that I had to warn him of his behaviour towards other employees around him. We both decided that visiting the dedicated counsellor was imperative and I took immediate action and drove him there the same day and waited for the session to end. I didn’t have to stay but I felt responsible for his welfare as a valued member of my team. It took many more sessions for him to finally turn his life around and get on the straight and narrow once again and finally earn some respect from his co-workers, but he managed to stand up in front of them and apologise for the sometimes meaningless disruptions he may have caused. Although I dealt with it in a sympathetic manner and got him the help he required, he was fully aware of the consequences of me assisting him instead of neglecting the situation and throwing the book at him. Sometime later he moved on to be one of my trusted team leaders. I truly learnt the difference between being a manager and a leader in those few weeks. As a manager you are asked to look after the business side of  things, targets goals etc and as a leader you have to look after people and the daily roles of different personalities. Combining both makes you a stronger more competent person able to adapt to any given situation. Conclusion To be successful as a Manager and leader in my opinion you have to have a work range that compares to a Politician and a Football Manager. As a politician you have to be diplomatic when required often in difficult situations, be able to judge and compare when best to communicate sensitive information and of course when to lead. Where as a football manager chooses his squad, puts his players in the best position for him and the team and is judged by results. Both these professions need dedicated people to run them and committed people to assist and participate wholeheartedly. In each case knowing the objectives, goals, targets, providing direction and facilitating change, enables the Manager a platform in which he can be competent to achieve the desired outcome which the position requires. Essentially Management is about setting out what work to do and getting it done through the co-operation of people to achieve this!Realise that the greatest asset is the co-operation and dedication of your staff. I hope my essay sheds some insight into the way I feel a manager of the 21st century should conduct themselves to become a successful part of their organization. Bibliography Teach yourself Leadership, Catherine Doherty and John Thompson, Hodder Education, 338 Euston Road, London 2007. On Leadership, Allan Leighton with Teena Lyons, Random House business books, 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London 2007. The Rules of Work, Richard Templar, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow 2003. How to be an even better Manager, Michael Armstrong, Kogan Page, 120 Pentonville Road, London 2004. Effective Leadership, Robert Heller, Dorling Kindersley, 80 Strand, London 1999. Modern Management, Siobhan Tiernan, Michael j. Morley, Edel Foley, Gill and Macmillan Ltd, Hume Avenue, Park West, Dublin 12, 2006. The Effective Executive, Peter Drucker, Heinemann, London 1967. www.leading-learning.co.nz/famous-quotes

Portland Cancer Center

Case 18: Leasing Decisions| | Background: The Portland Cancer Center is a not-for-profit inpatient and outpatient facility dedicated to the prevention and treatment of cancer. Working to perfect noninvasive brain surgery techniques for the past ten years, the Center is considering options to replace its current model of the Gamma Knife. Radiosurgery is often referred to as the Gamma Knife. The Gamma Knife delivers 201 separate radiation sources to treat certain brain cancers without invasive surgery. For patients with deep lesions the Gamma Knife significantly reduces the risk associate with traditional surgical procedures.Other clinical benefits to the Gamma Knife include: treating Parkinson’s, trigeminal neuralgia, arteriovenous malformations, certain types of benign tumors and small malignant lesions. The Center will open a new radiation therapy facility for several new radiosurgery procedures. Replacing the Gamma Knife at this point is viewed as a â€Å"bridge†. Thi s is because the Center’s managers think that whether the equipment is purchased or leased it will be used for no more than four years before moving to the new facility.A financial decision on whether to buy the Gamma knife or lease it is most significant to this case. Facts: * Expected physical life of the equipment is ten years * Possibility to writing a â€Å"cancellation clause† and â€Å"per-procedure clause† if leased * Possibility the Center will move to new facility sooner than expected * If equipment is to be purchased, â€Å"tax-exempt† financing could be obtained * GB Financing lease contract: * Annual payments of $675,000 * Includes service contract so equipment will be maintained in good working order (GBF will have to enter maintenece contract with manufacturer) GBF forecasts $1. 5 million residual value * If lease is not written, GBF could invest the funds in a four year term loan of similar risk that yields 8% before taxes * The Centerâ₠¬â„¢s risk is transferred back to lessor * Portland purchasing the Gamma Knife: * Invoice price is $3 million, including delivery and installation * Maintenance contract for $100,000/year * Financed by a four-year simple interest conventional bank note at 8% * May claim tax deduction for portion of loan payment * Bears all the risk of equipment * Residual value is risky. 5% probability after four years will be $500,000; 50% probability that it will be $1 million; and 25% probability that it will be $2 million. * This risk adds a 5% risk adjustment to the base discount rate used on the other lease-analysis flows Analysis: This decision is a complex one. Will it be better to use debt financing and purchase or make an investment decision to lease the piece of equipment? It is important to decipher is the lease can save money, eliminate the risk of technological obsolesce, and to share the mutual risk with the lessor.The dollar cost analysis of the lessee’s cost of owning and lea sing can be seen in Exhibit 1. A 10% discount rate (based on corporate cost of capital) was used to convert the cash flows to present values. The Lessee’s percentage cost analysis show the internal cost rate (IRR) at 6%. This shows leasing is lower than the corporate cost of capital at 10%. Looking at the lease in terms of per procedure (Exhibit 2), the annual expected 100 procedures would cost the Center $25,000 more. Furthermore, if fewer procedures were performed the per-procedure lease would be favored.It could be useful to assess the clinic’s previous volume patterns to determine the risk of this decision. Exhibit 3 shows the Lessor’s point of view to own the Gamma Knife. Using an opportunity cost rate of 8% before taxes will yield 4. 8% after taxes. The 6. 2% after tax return exceeds the 4. 8% after tax return available on alternative investments of similar risk. This also confirms the NPV of the lease investment is expected to be better off by $99,368 if it writes the lease. Recommendations: The financial advantage is for Portland Cancer Center to lease the Gamma Knife rather than purchase the equipment.The per procedure lease has a benefit to both parties, however reduces risk for the Center. It would only be advantageous is the volume of procedures was low, specifically below 100 procedures. Maintaining a state of the art healthcare facility is important and the lease will allow the Center to do so. The lessor is compensated for taking risk with tax deductions, however they will assume the risk with the technology. The NAL of $130,554 affirms that leasing creates more value than buying in this situation. The lessee’s IRR of 6% is well below the 10%, which also indicates a positive aspect to leasing versus buying.The terms of the lease should be carefully considered, especially the cancellation clause in the contract. This is important to address because of concerns with the new facility being ready before four years time. S ignificant costs could be associated with unutilized equipment so GBF could consider adding a penalty to the cancellation clause. The decision is also weighed based upon the move to the new facility. If the Center moves early keeping the equipment and moving it to the new facility is always an option. The Center should also negotiate a lower yearly lease payment.The lease answers the clinic’s requirement of a short-term commitment with the least risk associated due to a new facility that is on the way. There are also perks to a short- term lease agreement because this is not recorded on the lessee’s balance sheet. Exhibit 1: Lessee's Analysis|   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | | | | |   | Cost of Owning| | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | Year 0| Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Net purchase price| | $3,000,000 | | | |   | Maintenance cost| | 100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 |   | Maintenence tax savings| | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |   | Depreciation t ax savings| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | $0 |Residual value| | | | | | 1,125,000 | Residual value tax| |   |   |   |   | 0 | Net cash flow| | $3,100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $1,125,000 |   | | | | | |   | PV cost of owning:| | $2,223,685 | | | |   | | | | | | |   | Cost of Leasing| | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | Lease payment| | $675,000 | $675,000 | $675,000 | $675,000 |   | Tax savings| | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |   | Net cash flow| | $675,000 | $675,000 | $675,000 | $675,000 | $0 |   | | | | | |   | PV cost leasing:| | $2,354,239 | | | |   | | | | | | |   | Cost Comparison| | | | | |   | Net advantage to leasing (NAL)=| $130,554 | | | | |   |   | | | | | |   |Lessee's Percentage Cost Analysis| | | | |   | | | | | | |   | Leasing-versus-owning CF| | $2,425,000 | $575,000 | $575,000 | $575,000 | $1,125,000 |   | | | | | |   | Lessee's IRR=| 6%|   |   |   |   |   | Exhibit 2: Per-procedure Lease | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |    |   |   | | | Per Procedure Lease|   |   | Annual Lease|   | Procedures| Annual| Annual|   | Annual| Annual|   |   | | Lease| Net | Annual| Lease| Net| Annual| Profit| | Payment| Revenue| Profit| Payment| Revenue| Profit| Difference| 70 | $490,000 | $700,000 | $210,000 | $675,000 | $700,000 | $25,000 | 185,000 | 80 | $560,000 | $800,000 | $240,000 | $675,000 | $800,000 | $125,000 | $115,000 | 90 | $630,000 | $900,000 | $270,000 | $675,000 | $900,000 | $225,000 | $45,000 | 100 | $700,000 | $1,000,000 | $300,000 | $675,000 | $1,000,000 | $325,000 | ($25,000)| 110 | $770,000 | $1,100,000 | $330,000 | $675,000 | $1,100,000 | $425,000 | ($95,000)| 120 | $840,000 | $1,200,000 | $360,000 | $675,000 | $1,200,000 | $525,000 | ($165,000)| 130 | $910,000 | $1,300,000 | $390,000 | $675,000 | $1,300,000 | $625,000 | ($235,000)| | | | | | | | | GBF quoted per procedure lease rate of $7,000| | | | | *expected annual volume of 100 procedures| | | | | *expected net revenue per proced ure of $10,000| | | | | Exhibit 3: Lessor's Analysis|   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | | | | |   | Cost of Owning| | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | Year 0| Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Equipment cost| | $3,000,000 | | | |   |Maintenance| | (100,000)| ($100,000)| ($100,000)| ($100,000)|   | Maint tax savings| | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 |   | Depreciation shield| | | 240,000 | 384,000 | 228,000 | $144,000 | Lease payment| | 675,000 | 675,000 | 675,000 | 675,000 |   | Tax on payment| | (270,000)| (270,000)| (270,000)| (270,000)|   | Residual value| | | | | | 1,500,000 | Residual value tax| |   |   |   |   | (396,000)| Net cash flow| | $2,655,000 | $585,000 | $729,000 | $573,000 | $1,248,000 |   | | | | | |   | NPV| $99,368 | | | | |   | IRR| 6. 20%| | | | |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |

The Tragedy os San Luis Bridge essays

The Tragedy os San Luis Bridge essays Thesis: Parental love are important theme in the Bridge of San Luis Rey. We see this theme in the stories of Do II. Madre Maria del pilars Love. The Bridge of San Luis Rey begins by telling us how in Friday at noon on July 20th of 1714 The finest bridge in Peru broke and precipitated five travelers into the gulf (Wilder pp 5) Brother Juniper, a monk who saw the accident and began an investigation into the lives of the five travelers. This took six years investigating their secrets lives. Also Brother Juniper wanted to know if this incident was provoked or where for destiny of god. In this book the author mentions about how important is love. In this book I found three parental loves between Maria the Marqueza, Madre Maria del Pilar and Uncle Pio. The firs parental love is between the Marqueza and her daughter Do ...

Air Safety essays

Air Safety essays Now there is roughly one major accident per 1 million flights with increased air traffic by 2015 there would be one fatal crash a week. (CNN.com) So in the near future if stricter regulations are not placed on the people building, inspecting and flying these planes. Future airplane crashes will be responsible for killing hundreds of people a week. Air safety is also important because it effects Americas economy. American airlines alone logged 9.5 million scheduled flights in 1997and had 625 passengers. (Gaffney There are four areas where air safety needs to be improved. The most important area is human error which has caused over 70 percent of airline accidents since 1950. Other important areas of air safety is finding better and more accurate ways of predicting the weather. Security needs to be increased in the ways of detecting weapons and explosives. The final area of air safety that needs to be improved is the Since 1950 over 70 percent of airline accidents have been caused by Human error. The reason is simple while all other aspects of air travel have been improved, human behavior still has its age-old imperfections. Which is why the Gore Commission spot lighted the need for more work on the human side of aviation safety research. Government and industry aviation research should emphasize human factors and training. The Gore Commission said to Bill Clinton in its Human error was responsible for the Deaths of 583 people on March 27 which was the worst commercial air disasters in history. The disaster happened when KLM and Pan Am pilots did not see each others airplanes, because of thick fog, and collided. (Two 747 jumbo jets collide at Tenerife) Most fatal accidents are caused when perfectly working aircraft are flown in to the ground which is called controlled-flight-into-terrain (CFIT). (Gaffney 45) This ...

Heres How to Treat Attribution, He Said

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British American Tobacco - Coursework Example A negative externality is generated by an action when it imposes a cost on someone else who had no control over the action. Types of externalities. The common externality attributed to cigarette smoking is the economic cost of health care to non-smokers as well as to smokers themselves. Another externality is the health effects of environmental smoke to non smokers and to their families. Report of CDC (2010) said that premature deaths and smoke related diseases in nonsmokers were caused by second hand smoke. Smoking also pollutes the air environment, the lands, and water. Air is polluted by chemicals in the cigarette which is breathed out, cigarette butts end in the grounds and inevitably flushed in the water. The costs related to health maintenance and cleaning of the environment are negative externalities attributed to cigarette and tobacco. 2. Production process and what type of externalities are produced in each process Tobacco production starts with purchase of about 400,000 ton s of tobacco leaf yearly from farmers coming from the emerging economies. Negative externalities in tobacco production are: ground water pollution from fertilizer use, deforestation, food contamination and farm worker exposure to toxic chemicals from pesticide use, water and energy use, and fires caused by cigarette smoking. A positive externality is also produced such as social cost that includes income benefits to agriculture, farmers and families and competitive advantage of production of emerging countries. The second process in cigarette and tobacco production is the manufacturing process done through 50 factories in 41 countries. Once the processed leaf arrives at the factory, it is checked for quality and blending, and the rest of the activity are fully automated and no longer done by hand. Quality control is top priority and tracking of production is done by computers (BAT). As new technology is introduced in the manufacturing process, reduction of employment is necessary an d some machines are rendered obsolete. Negative externality produced in the manufacturing is the loss of income due to cost reduction of the company and the cost of machines that have to be destroyed. Policy of BAT is to destroy old machines to prohibit counterfeit of cigarettes. 3. How does government try to control externalities? Government tries to control externalities of tobacco and cigarette consumption thru policies and regulations. Government uses production taxes, consumption taxes, restriction, quota and subsidies to agricultural products. The government is often called upon to intervene in the market to resolve externality problems. Government agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency are established to set and enforce air quality standards, and taxes are imposed to obtain fund to pay for external costs or subsidize external benefits. The United States has imposed an increase of excise tax that took effect July, 2010, with some states charging low, and others t oo high (NCSL, 2010). 4. Are the externalities controlled effectively? Are there other ways other externality could be? controlled. Under an unregulated market where there is no control, firms maximize their profits, but subsequent problems arise due to externalities. Under this condition, government intervention is needed to bring back

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Vertical Boundaries Of the firm - Vertical Chain and Vertical Integration - Essay Example The main operational uniqueness of this brand is that it follows a production after order placement module. In this mode of operation, the customer chooses the product and the design and the workers develop the product according to the choice, delivering the finished furniture in a couple of weeks time. The company has a production unit in Birmingham from where furniture orders placed in its twelve showrooms throughout Britain are produced and shipped. This arrangement gets excellent response from customers who do not mind the waiting time, since they know that the piece going to be delivered is going to be unique and customized for their needs. The great rush of orders and the company’s plan to move to new markets brought out different challenges in vertical chain and production management. To begin with, the firm has decided to open new stores or showrooms in five different cities that they have not been in before. And this would bring in orders that the Birmingham production unit cannot handle. In this scenario, the 30 employee production unit will either need to be doubled in capacity, which might affect the quality of the products or the firm has to think of traditional vertical chain management techniques. The company has operated using the Neoclassical Economics model till date since due to its small size and promising performance, a good number of shareholders and venture capitalists are interested and influential in its growth. However, when they move into real vertical chain system, they will have to ensure that they follow the Quasi Marris economic model which is more fit for the 21st Century, and ensure that behavioral factors are taken into consideration every time. The economy of scale here will be determined by the number of households, offices and complexes which use teak wood furniture or are open to

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 52

Leadership - Essay Example From a personal perspective, the cost of running an organization should be reflected by the organization performance. On this note, an organization that is laying off its employees and pays high salaries to the executives lacks the capacity to grow (Barkema & Gomez-Mejia, 2010). Notably, there are a number of reasons why organizations offer huge packages to their executive members. The main argument is to avoid executives turn over when business talent is limited and to motivate them to drive the organization to success. My decision to accept or refuse a high package from a failing organization would have consequences. To begin with, paying high salary to top level management will increase the expenses to the organization (Barkema & Gomez-Mejia, 2010). From a personal perspective, accepting the job offer would increase my burden in handling my duties. I would be forced to seek alternative ways to reduce the cost of running the organization. I would prefer an organization that provides less pay but maintains its labor force intact. This way, I would work together with a strong team to achieve higher profits. Increasing the company profits would provide an opportunity to review the salary scales in line with company income. On this note, declining an outrageous offer in failing company would be a wise decision in the long

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Crucial Years in Terms of Slavery Research Paper

Crucial Years in Terms of Slavery - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that antislavery Society that was formed in 1835 continued to support abolishment of slavery throughout the years 1840-1850, but the southerners continued the trading of slaves. From 1840 to 1850, the issue of slavery got so much fame as a number of events took place that took the attention of authorities. A number of legislations were passed in support of slaves.This discussion highlights that slave trade continued to exist and slaves were required to work for 17 to 18 hours per day with very less comfort hours. Slaves had no rights and were not allowed to vote. Slaves supported in the development of America as an industrial and capitalist state with no human living rights. Northerners felt that slavery can be regarded as a mockery on American values and beliefs. Voters in slave holding states regarded slavery as advantageous for the white population in terms of economy and liberty. However, efforts were made to prevent slavery from spreading to new state s. Nevertheless, slaves were traded and they did labor on plantations. The years from 1850 to 1860 are very crucial in terms of abolishing slavery as southerners were under great pressure to free their slaves under certain passed legislations. In 1850s, Kansas-Nebraska Act got passed in 1854 due to which, violence got erupted. This solution was unacceptable for the black slaves as whites had greater rights with continuity of slavery on many territories.... Voters in slave holding states regarded slavery as advantageous for the white population in terms of economy and liberty. However, efforts were made to prevent slavery from spreading to new states. Nevertheless, slaves were traded and they did labor on plantations. (1850-1860) The years from 1850 to 1860 are very crucial in terms of abolishing slavery as southerners were under great pressure to free their slaves under certain passed legislations. In 1850s, Kansas-Nebraska Act got passed in 1854 due to which, violence got erupted. This solution was unacceptable for the black slaves as whites had greater rights with continuity of slavery on many territories. Increased ratio of required slaves on cotton plantations increased slave trade and till 1860, there were 4 million slaves. Work on cotton plantations was severe and workers were required to put in extra effort due to which, the workers were punished harshly. Antislavery movements and incidents took place that supported the cause of abolition. The elections in 1860 resulting in the presidency of Abraham Lincoln supported the prevention of slavery in new states. Violence on Blacks got augmented that made Blacks more revolutionary and rebellious against their masters. Blacks were aware of the laws passed in their interest adding to their interest and right of independence. (1830-1840) The years 1830 to 1840 are crucial in terms of southerners as well as for northerners. In Boston, slavery banning newspaper such as Liberator got published and people starting feeling the adversity of slavery for their society. However, in the south, identifying the needs of the agricultural society, southerners starting getting involved in trading of slaves acquiring more than ever slaves for their cotton, tobacco and rice plantations.

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Crucial Years in Terms of Slavery Research Paper

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MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words - 1

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS - Essay Example Relational exchanges are supported by more frequent communication activity. McDonalds is one of the largest fast food chains in the world with more than 30,000 restaurants across the world (Sweney 2004). It operates in innumerable markets, in different countries and cities and thus caters to consumers with different cultures, backgrounds, languages and tastes. Thus its marketing communication plan is not standardised and needs tailoring for different markets. Previously McDonalds focused primarily on the US and thus the marketing communication was similar in all the regions as the market characteristics were the same. However, argue Brinkman and Brinkman (2002) as the US market saturated, challenges increased as McDonalds surged new markets abroad. Though the marketing mediums are similar in all the countries, however, as per Fill (2006), the extent to which communication medium is used depends upon the market exposure to that medium. As Brinkman and Brinkman (2002) explain, it realised that it could not appeal to all the countries together so it adopted the ‘brand globally, act locally’ strategy to communicate its messages. For instance according to Douglas, in China, the trend is that when consumers watch TV, the in-between advertisements between programs are generally ignored. Thus keeping this in mind, McDonalds thought that it was a waste to spend large sums of money on TV commercials and thus it concentrated on print m edia in China. At the same time, adds Cheung (2006) the few TV commercials it ran in the country featured more male kids than female, as it is a male dominated society. In East Asia, as Schultz and Philip (1999) exemplify, McDonalds concentrates on TV commercials and features children in them to optimise the results. To retain the attention of customers in the US, McDonalds employed the interactive method of advertising via television where the viewers could participate in a competition

Spoken language versus written language

Spoken language versus written language Spoken vs. written language Not so long time ago, the written language played much bigger role in second language learners life than the spoken language. According to Brown (2000) Today the importance of teaching the spoken language is universally acknowledged (p. 1). For example, many scientists state that people should learn speaking and listening, as well as writting and reading; furthermore, learners should spend more energy on listening. Thus generally one can claim it is more difficult to learn how to understand the spoken language than the written. First of all, during listening, learners cannot focus on one section as they would do in a reading task. Listeners do not have opportunity to read back, if they misunderstand an expression or forget the beginning of the text. Furthermore, according to Ridgway (2000) they do not have the possibility for looking a word up in the dictionary, or guessing the meaning of a word from its context (p. 3.), like they do it in a reading exercise. Secondly, during listening learners depend on the style of the text and on the listening environment more than in the case of reading. As Field (2000) points out, a listener, who has difficulties in identifying words in connected speech(p. 2.), can also have problems with different dialects, and the style and the speed of the text he or she listens to, because native speakers speak only clearly enough to make themselves understood in a particular context (Brown, 1990, p. 2.). Furthermore, listeners can be confused by the noisy, annoying environment, for example, during a conversation on the street or a crowded restaurant, while these conditions do not appear in a written text. Thirdly, during a listening exercise, the motivation of learners is always lower, because these kinds of tasks scare listeners, adding, that in reading they are braver, because of the advantages which are mentioned at the second paragraph. So to become a good listener, the most important aim is to find the faith in ones ability to apply a listening readiness (Field, 2000, p. 1.), because after this momentous step, a text will not cause so much fear. Furthermore, listeners should be able to determine the complexity of the given tasks, because then they can choose the appropriate level for themselves, so they will probably not fail and their self-confidence will improve. However, according to Ridgway (2000), grading texts is problematic (p. 3.), so it can be another serious controversy. Finally, practising listening is more difficult than reading. For instance, it is not easy to learn listening skills, because as Brown (1990) says, the students are not receiving any help in learning (p. 3.) ,but they have to realise alone how to set up the process of listening and improve their facilities. Moreover, learners abilities to listening are not similar to everyone, so the ways of practice should be different from each other. For example, even in a class, which is few in number, the teacher should prove at least four different ways of learning listening, but unfortunatelly it is not possible. It follows that learners have to find the best way independently. In conclusion, learning and listening to the spoken language is more difficult, than learning the written language, because listeners cannot focus on one section; they are dependent on the style of the speech and the listening environment; they are threatened, if they get a task at higher level; and they need different ways to practise and more help from teachers. References: Brown, G. (1990). Listening to spoken English. London, England: Longman. Field, J. (2000). Not waving but drowning: a reply to Tony Ridgway. ELT Journal Volume 54/2 Ridgway, T. (2000). Listening strategies- I beg your pardon? ELT Journal Volume 54/2

Imported Cars :: essays research papers

Picture yourself in Orange County, California. As you walk on the gravel covered road, you spy a bright neon green Honda Prelude. When you take a close look, you will see all kinds of logos. Pokemon, Honda, Greddy, Mugen, Transformer, TriZone, Kamikaze, Weapon R, Neuspeed, Barely Street Legal, HKS, Xenon, DC Sports, Catz, Nakayama, Venom, Napolex, Tokico, Momo, Honda Sport, and Street Glow are all popular logos you can find anywhere. As you turn a cheek, the sun’s bright beam is reflecting off the shiny chrome wheels. Since it is hurting your eyes, you turn around; right in front of you is a sticker that says â€Å"Greddy Racing Exhaust System†. As your eyes wonder downward, you see the 4.5-inch exhaust tip. You stand up and leave with a huge smile and say, â€Å"That is going to be my car one day†. Stickers are the main characters in import car shows. You can always get stickers of anything and about anything if your car is great, as any import car owner hopes it to be. To have millions of people admire your car as much as you do, your car will need to be unique by using manufacture logos. The manufacture owner then gives you their logos, turbo chargers, leather seats, exhaust systems, and so on. It is obvious that import cars are more for looks then speed. Spoilers are the main item for dressing up the rear of the car. You can always keep the old-fashion manufacture spoiler that came with your car, but the spoiler that really makes heads turn are the custom made ones. Favorites among the custom spoilers are the samurai sword holder and the high wing. The high wing is made for looks and little for speed. The only true owners of the high wing spoilers are Toyota owners. Samurai sword holder spoilers are basically the same as three-piece spoilers. The three-piece spoilers are only for looks because they do not have the aerodynamic figure or slick designs. (Chang 44) Every running car has to have an exhaust system. If you want a lot of speed, you would want a racing exhaust system. A racing exhaust system contains a racing header, a provision pipe with a custom tip. Mini draggers are another approach for looks, sound, and some speed. You can hear a mini dragger from miles away. My mommy always told me â€Å"If you can’t say anything nice then don’t say it all†.

Essay --

In this essay I would like to reflect what I have personally learn more about Thai culture from my intercultural interaction with a Thai person as well as through my in depth reading about Thai culture and history. Thai culture characteristics, behaviors, and values share many similarities and differences with my Taiwanese culture. The person who I interviewed with had given me a great insight into Thai way of thinking and ways of life. Although I have been living in Thai for so many years, but with my Taiwanese upbringing culture I have learn some of the prominent Thai culture, believes, values, and characteristics to be too difficult to understand. In this essay, you will find discussion and examples of Thai prominent cultures, values, believe and Thai historical events and people who had played a great role in changing Thais ways of life. Next, follow by the discussion of Taiwanese culture and Thai culture in comparison and contrast. In the end of the essay, I will propose some of the ways I believe can help to cope with some of Thais cultural shocks. When looking at a broad picture of Thai nation, one can easily identified that Thai is a agricultural society. Rice is what Thai people eat on the daily basis. Yet, Thailand is one of the world biggest exporters in rice product. There is also a saying in Thailand that, â€Å"Farmer is the backbone of the nation.† Here, farmers is not actually the ‘backbone’ or the physical backbone of Thai nation, but backbone in this phrase metaphor the crucial organ in the person body to survive. This shows that Thailand rely heavily on agriculture product and activities. Believe and activities in relation to the agricultural background of Thais, including worshiping â€Å"Pra-mae-po-sop† (Goddess of R... ...s to show friendliness. It is as though strangers are accepted as member of the kin group. Since I am a Taiwanese living in Thailand for so many year, I know some of the ways to cope with these cultural shocks. Here, I would like to suggest you can handle cultural shock in Thai culture. People of different culture may had experience frustration, confusion, tension, or even embarrassment when encounter with another culture. There are two choices you can to can choose from: one is try to observe, listen, inquire which can result in understanding . Another is criticize, rationalize, and withdraw which can result in alienation and isolation. However, some may choose other alternatives such as by gathering information and learn about new culture as much as possible. Second, is to make socio-cultural adjustments. And third is adapting , sharing, experiencing and enjoy.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelly

In their chapter on ghosts in literature, Bennett and Royle propose that nineteenth century literature altered the widespread understanding of ghosts. The ghost now ‘move[d] into one's head. The ghost is internalised: it becomes a psychological symptom, and no longer a thing that goes bump in the night†¦ ‘ (p. 133). Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley certainly provides evidence for this argument that nineteenth century Gothic literature became more concerned with the haunted consciousness than the haunted house (Byron 2004: Stirling University). The tale like all Gothic works is concerned with the uncanny, and if we believed the popular representation of Frankenstein, we could be fooled into thinking that it is simply about a terrifying, grotesque monster. However, is this actually what Shelley's novel is about? By paying particular attention to chapter two in volume two of Frankenstein, and using Bennett and Royle's chapter on ghosts, I will consider to what extent Frankenstein can be described as a ghost story. Before we start to look at Frankenstein itself, we should first look at the context in which it was written. As is well known, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein when travelling in Geneva with her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. In her preface to Frankenstein, Shelley tells the reader that ‘in the evenings we crowded around a blazing wood fire, and, occasionally amused ourselves with some German stories of ghosts†¦ ‘ She goes on to describe how ‘these tales excited us in a playful desire of imitation. [Percy Shelley, Lord Byron]†¦ and myself agreed to write each a story, founded on some supernatural occurrence' (Norton Anthology, p. 908). So before we have even read her tale, we know that she initially intended to write it as some form of ghost story. Did Shelley achieve her goal? Chapter two in volume two of Frankenstein does seem to provide evidence to the presence of the theme of the supernatural. This is the chapter in which Victor and his creature are reunited after Victor first ran away after bringing the creature to life because he was terrified by its horrific appearance. Prior to this, our only impression of the creature was very much a mysterious one; we knew him only by Victor's description of his hideous and deformed appearance. Now we get to ‘meet' him for ourselves, and our first impression may be that of shock; not because of his appearance (as of course we never really know what the creature looks like) but due to the eloquence with which he speaks. As Sparknotes summarise, ‘The monster's eloquent narration of events†¦ reveals his remarkable sensitivity and benevolence. ‘ The creature tells Victor of the pain and rejection he has had to suffer with great emotion; ‘All men hate the wretched; how then must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things! (Norton Anthology, p. 960). His expressive words show us that the creature is not a purely evil being, as Victor would have had us believe. The creature's appearance has an otherworldly attribute, simply because we never know and never will know what he actually looks like; we can only rely on Victor's and Walton's descriptions which may be biased, and so his appearance remains a secret. Nicholas Abraham ventures that ‘ghosts have to do with unspeakable secrets' (Bennett and Royle, p. 134). As we know, Frankenstein felt his secret of creating life was unspeakable to his family and friends – the only person he recounts his tale to is Walton (that the reader knows of anyway). On the other hand, Victor never constantly reiterates the creature's horrific appearance, and pays much less attention to the humane, sensitive side of the creature. This turns out to be a fatal and tragic mistake, as the creature's human characteristics turn out to be the most important; it is his humane side that becomes blackened by rejection of society, and causes the creature to kill Victor's family and friends and eventually, Victor himself. The way in which the creature appears before Victor in this chapter is also extremely eerie. He ‘bound[s] over the crevices in the ice' as an answer to Victor's call to the spirits. Victor pleads with them ‘Wandering spirits, if indeed ye wander, and do not rest in your narrow beds, allow me this faint happiness, or take me, as your companion, away from the joys of life' (Norton Anthology, p. 959). The fact that the creature's arrival comes when Victor is pleading for someone to carry him away from his worries by means of death could foreshadow who Victor's ‘saviour' will be. The creature also has a distinguishable effect on Victor when the two are reunited; he becomes the catalyst to cause Victor to become haunted only by his sheer animal hatred of the creature. As the creature approaches Victor, Victor describes how ‘anger and hatred had at first deprived me of utterance, and I recovered only to overwhelm him with words expressive of furious detestation and contempt' (Norton Anthology, p. 959). The creature has a ghostlike effect on Victor, as he causes him to become paralysed, not by fear however, but by his pure loathing for him. If we take this further, we could even venture to say that from the creature's animation right until Victor's death, the creature ‘initiates a haunting theme that persists throughout the novel-the sense that the monster is inescapable, ever present, liable to appear at any moment and wreak havoc' (Sparknotes). Victor constantly lives in fear from the appearance of the creature, and also fears that he will kill all his family and friends. The way in which Frankenstein is narrated also carries on this haunting theme. It is told through a series of multiple narratives, as if Shelley was trying to recreate the way in which scary stories are passed down through generations, and perhaps also how they change over time. A noteworthy example of the creature's haunting effect on Victor comes when the two are reunited on the glacier. Victor describes with horror the feeling that came over him as he ‘beheld the figure of a man†¦ advancing towards me with superhuman speed. ‘ He tells the reader that ‘I felt a faintness seize me; but I was quickly restored by the cold gale of the mountains. I perceived as the shape came nearer, (sight tremendous and abhorred! that it was the wretch whom I had created. I trembled with rage and horror†¦ ‘ (Norton Anthology, p. 959). Victor must have, on some level, expected a reunion with his creature at some point; he knew he could only run from him for so long. However, his guilt has haunted him from the creature's creation, and so it could be that the creature is simply the embodiment of all of Victor's guilt and remorse for acting like God. This could explain why he is overwhelmed with horror – not by the creature's appearance, but because now he has to face his guilt head on, which he has attempted to put out of his mind for so long. We should also observe that Victor says he was ‘restored by the cold gale of the mountains' (Norton Anthology, p. 959) when he feels faint. This is the chapter in which the theme of sublime nature becomes utterly important in regard to understanding Victor Frankenstein, his creature and their remarkable relationship (Sparknotes). The majestic scenery of nature affects Victor's moods, has the power to move him and remind him of good times and also bad times. In a striking example, he goes so far as to say that ‘these sublime and magnificent scenes afforded me the greatest consolation that I was capable of receiving' (Norton Anthology, p. 58). This comment may show that Victor takes greater comfort in God's creation, that is, nature, than his own family, to whom he has not told his awful secret, and thus a barrier has been created. Victor has chosen instead to isolate himself and take comfort from the inanimate and almost haunting scenes around him. The changing weather can also arouse in Victor his feelings of despondency. He remarks ‘†¦ the rain poured down in torrents, and thick mists hid the summits of the mountains. I rose early, but felt unusually melancholy. The rain depressed me; my old feelings recurred, and I was miserable' (Norton Anthology, p. 58). This could reveal that Victor's moods are ruled by some absent yet ever-present being – perhaps God. God is notable primarily by his distinct absence in the novel (Byron 2004: Stirling University). However, the way that Victor does not appear to have the power to control his own feelings could show us that he has lost some of his own life and vitality in creating the creature, and now leaves it up to the changing nature and weather to control his emotions. The place where Victor and his creature meet is also significant, as it first introduces the idea of the creature being Victor's doppelganger. The fact that they both meet at a rather random scene of beauty rather than an actual place could show that they are both isolate creatures, albeit that Victor is isolated because he chooses to be, and the creature because he has to hide from human eyes. The language that Victor uses indicates to the reader that he would prefer to be alone with his secret in nature than with other people. He uses phrases such as ‘solitary grandeur' and ‘terrifically desolate' (Norton Anthology, p. 958) to describe the scenes around him, and perhaps also his state of mind. The creature, like Victor, is affected by beautiful nature around him, and feels that ‘the desert mountains and dreary glaciers are my refuge,' (Norton Anthology, p. 960) which also reflects how Victor feels. The creature and Victor are both so at home in nature, which could stress that there is more to this relationship than meets the eye; are these two really so different? Many modern critics believe that the creature is Victor's doppelganger. In earlier Gothic literature, evil was generally located in an external source, but Frankenstein sees a turn inwards to a focus on the evil within ourselves (Byron 2004: Stirling University). Bennett and Royle propose that ‘conflicting senses of the word ‘ghost' suggest ghosts are both exterior and central to our sense of the human' (p. 132). The creature in Frankenstein is the embodiment of this confusion. While he is physically exterior, he also pervades Victor's consciousness. It has to be remembered that it was Victor who created the creature, and so perhaps the creature is Victor's doppelganger, as he is ‘the embodiment of an internal and irreparable division in the human psyche' (Byron 2004: Stirling University). It is possible to see that the gaps between Frankenstein and his creature are not as wide as we may have initially believed. However, while I do believe that Frankenstein is a ghost story to a very large extent, I do not think one could describe the tale of Frankenstein without, at some point, mentioning the genre of science fiction. While at once being Gothic and having the style of the German ghost stories that Shelley and her companions were reading on their travels, the story would have much less of an impact if it were not for the role that science plays in the book. Victor becomes obsessed by the secret of life in the book, and it is he who creates the ‘ghost' in the story, so it is not simply a case of the bogey man in Frankenstein. The creature challenges our way of thinking about ghosts because he was brought to life made of dead parts, as if life can spring from death with the use of science. So, while I would argue that the tale is most definitely a ghost story, I do not think that Frankenstein would have become such a literary classic if Shelly had not chosen to use the role of science to show us what can happen if we mere mortals meddle too much with God's prerogative.

Instrumental analysis chemistry Study guide

IR sources – consist of inert solid and heated electrically to very high temperatures 1 500-KICK to get a continuum of radiation. Unrest Glower- composed of rare earth oxides (Zero, YEA, and Error) current is passed thru the device so that the device can reach the high temp of 1200-KICK, spectral out in the IR region Global source- silicon carbide rod heated to 1300-KICK Disadvantage to using this is water cooling is required to prevent electrical arching.Incandescent wire sources- tightly wound spiral monochrome wire heated by electrical current to kick IR absorption requirement 1 source of continuous IR radiation 2 IR transducer that's sensitive Mercury Arc Source (Far ‘R) only for Far IR region only has enough radiant power In this region. Quartz Jacketed tube containing Hag vapor pressurized greater than 1 ATM, electricity passed thru this Hag vapor (pressure emits a continuum of radiation In the far IR region. ) Disadvantage and the advantage to this source Is that It only is seed for the Far IR region only and can't be used for any other IR region.Tungsten Filament lamp (Near IR region)- ordinary filament lamp, convenient source for the near IR of 4000-12800 corn-l , Inexpensive but restricted to Near IR region) CO laser source- laser produces a band of radiation in 900-1100 cam -1, can get 100 closely spaced discreet lines, can tune the laser to a specific line. (More expensive) Advantage- radiant power available In each line (gets several orders of magnitude increase) Thermal transducer-response depends on the heating effect of radiation, radiation is absorbed by a small black body and resultant temp rise is monitored, detects temperature changes that is produced.Heat capacity of the absorbing element must be as small as possible if detectable temp change is to be produced, radiant power of the spectrophotometer beam is IOWA-7 to IOWA-9 watts ( only observes a few thousandths of K change in temp) Has to be in a vacuum and shielded from ther mal radiation emitted by nearby objects Beam from the source is chopped at a specific frequency different from extraneous noise outside of it. Try to minimize size and thickness of the absorbing element to concentrate the entire beam of IR radiation on he surface of the absorbing element.Thermocouples- consist of a pair of Junctions for when 2 pieces of metal (Bismuth and Antimony are fused together BTW metals a potential develops is temp dependent at the Junction potential is temp dependent and varies with the change in temp. Junction is often blackened to improve absorbing capacity, also sealed in a vacuum chamber with a window that's transparent to the IR radiation. Can respond to temp difference, and enhance sensitivity by connecting several thermal couples together= thermopile.Ferroelectric transducers- insulators with special thermal and electric properties instructed from single crystalline wafers. Electric field is applied across material and electric popularization takes pl ace. When there is temp change by radiating it w/ IR radiation then the charge distribution is altered, can be detected as current , used on most Fast response times and track in the time domain) FITS Most commonly used region is mid- IR region (670-4000 CM A-I) can use near IR for low met hydrocarbons Far IR region- used inorganic structures and metal organic species.There is no good solvent that is transparent all the way throughout the IR region of possible interest. Water and alcohol are seldom used BC they strongly absorb and attack the alkali metal halides that make up the cell windows. Liar cells tend to be more narrow in width, than those used in I-JPL's Chromatography 2 primary components Mobile phase- transports signal through the column (can be a gas or a liquid or a supercritical liquid) Stationary Phase- immiscible solid that's fixed in place in a column or on a solid surface.The components in a mixture distribute themselves BTW the pm and the SP to have separation to o ccur the species have to separate themselves BTW mobile and stationary. Stronger species interact more with the SP and more slowly with the mobile phase. -differences in mobility cause the sample components to separate into distinct bands or zones Classification of chromo methods 1) Physical means- when the PM and SP are brought into contact with one another (column chromatography SP held in a tube, pm is pushed through w/ pressure. ) Planar Chromatography- SP supported on a flat plate or piece of paper. PM moves thru the SP by capillary action or gravity. Elution of Bands/ Zones on a Chromatography column One of the component B is moving slower than component A BC it is interacting with he SP. Limitations of linear response BTW analyze concentration and TTS 1) Need distinct stretch or bend 2) Linear response 3) Solvent transmittance is constant.Data collected with Chromatography with peaks that correspond to solute that contain 1) Retention time 2) Peak area Retention time – time it takes for the analyze peak to reach the detector (Try) (Tm)- corresponds to the time it takes for the pm to move to the detector. (kill a)- Retention factor used to describe the migration rated of solutes on columns Zone broadening and Column Efficiency- column is more efficient if you have less reddening of peaks Gaussian shape of an ideal chromatography zone; attributed to the random motion of the solute molecules in the chromatographic zones.The size of peaks increases as it moves down the column b/c more time allows spreading to occur. The size of the peak is directly related to the â€Å"residence time†; the time spent in the column and indirectly related to the velocity of the mobile phase. 2 methods of describing column efficiency 1) Plate height (h) 2) Plate count (N) Efficiency of chromatography columns increases with increased plate count and decreasing plate height.Variables affecting Zone broadening ) effect of pm flow rate in general the magnitude of eff ect on column efficiency depends on the length of time the pm is in contact with the SP (depends on flow rate of the pm) 2) Van Demeter plot – efficiency studies by determining the H as a function of PM velocity The smaller the plate height the better the column efficiency (represented on the graph the lowest point on the curve) 3) Linear flow effects zone broadening Theoretical Plate height and Column Variables A) Linear velocity of PM-distance per unit time traveled by the PM ( linear flow rate) B) Diffusion coefficient in PM – rate at which the molecules diffuse across a plane of nit area and the concentration gradient in the direction of diffusion in the PM C) Diffusion coefficient in SP -rate at which the molecules diffuse across a plane of unit area and the concentration gradient in the direction of diffusion in the SP D) of the solutes) E) Retention factor – time spent by the solute in the SP to the time spent in the pm.